Barigas: Medical and Health Science Journal

The Association between Parental Occupation, Family Income, and Availability of Sanitary Latrines with Stunting among Under-Five Children in the Working Area of Batu Bua Primary Health Center, Murung Raya Regency, 2025

Joshua Doni Raja Dapot Sinaga — 2026-06-08

Stunting remains a major public health issue in Indonesia, including Murung Raya Regency, Central Kalimantan Province. This study aimed to analyze the association between parental occupation, family income, and the availability of healthy latrines with the incidence of stunting among children under five in the working area of Batu Bua Primary Health Center, Murung Raya Regency, in 2025. This study employed an analytical observational design with a cross- sectional approach. The study population consisted of all children under five in the working area of Batu Bua Primary Health Center, with a total sample of 71 children selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through interviews using questionnaires and anthropometric measurements based on height-for-age (H/A) indicators. Data analysis included univariate and bivariate analyses using the Chi- Square test and Fisher’s Exact Test at a 95% confidence level. The results showed that most children were in the 24–59 months age group and were male. Bivariate analysis demonstrated a significant association between parental occupation and the incidence of stunting. Family income and the availability of healthy latrines were not significantly associated with stunting among children under five in the working area of Batu Bua Primary Health Center, Murung Raya Regency, in 2025. This study concludes that parental occupation is associated with the incidence of stunting among children under five. Family income and the availability of healthy latrines were not significantly associated with stunting. Therefore, stunting prevention efforts should focus on improving family socio-economic conditions, strengthening nutrition education, and implementing integrated health interventions.

The Relationship between Age, Education Level, and Occupation with Adherence to Anti-Tuberculosis Medication among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients at Puruk Cahu Regional General Hospital, Murung Raya Regency

Gilbert William Christofer — 2026-06-08

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem in Indonesia, with a high burden of disease. Successful TB treatment largely depends on patients’ adherence to Anti-Tuberculosis Drug (ATD) therapy. Poor medication adherence may lead to treatment failure, disease relapse, and an increased risk of drug resistance. Sociodemographic factors such as age, educational level, and occupation have been assumed to influence patients’ adherence during the treatment period. This study aimed to determine the relationship between age, education, and occupation and medication adherence among pulmonary tuberculosis patients at Puruk Cahu Regional General Hospital, Murung Raya Regency. This study employed an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 79 pulmonary TB patients undergoing treatment were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through interviews and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8) questionnaire. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed using the Chi-Square test and Fisher’s Exact Test.. The results showed that most respondents were in the productive age group and had a low level of medication adherence. Statistical analysis indicated that there was no significant association between age (p = 0.394), educational level (p = 0.288), and occupation (p = 0.714) and adherence to Anti-Tuberculosis Drug therapy among pulmonary TB patients. In conclusion, age, education, and occupation were not significantly associated with medication adherence in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Other factors such as patient motivation, family support, and health education may play a more important role in improving treatment adherence.

Isolation and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria from a Fermented Beverage Made from a Mixture of Ginger, Lemon, and Kelulut Honey and Evaluation of Its Antibacterial Potential against Streptococcus pneumoniae

Raymond Mandolang — 2026-06-08

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the main bacterial causes of pneumonia and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Fermentation of functional food ingredients containing ginger, lemon, and kelulut honey has the potential to provide LAB with antibacterial activity; however, the characteristics of LAB and their ability to inhibit S. pneumoniae from this fermentation have not been widely investigated. To identify the types of LAB from a fermented beverage made from a mixture of ginger, lemon, and kelulut honey and to determine the antibacterial activity of the isolated LAB against S. pneumoniae. This laboratory experimental study used spontaneous fermentation of a mixture of ginger, lemon, and kelulut honey at fermentation days 0, 1, and 2. LAB isolates were obtained through serial dilution and plating on MRSA medium, then characterized based on colony morphology, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. Antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae was evaluated using the disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar. The highest LAB colony count was obtained on day 1 of fermentation, whereas day 0 showed a lower colony count and day 2 showed a subsequent decrease. The isolates consisted of Gram‑positive, non‑spore‑forming, non‑motile cocci on days 0 and 2, phenotypically consistent with the genus Pediococcus, and Gram‑positive, non‑spore‑forming, non‑motile rods on day 1, consistent with the genus Lactobacillus. Disk diffusion testing showed that LAB isolates from days 0, 1, and 2 did not produce inhibition zones against S. pneumoniae. Fermentation of ginger, lemon, and kelulut honey yields LAB candidates phenotypically presumed to belong to the genera Pediococcus and Lactobacillus, with a peak colony count on day 1, however, under the fermentation conditions and antibacterial test method used, antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae was not detected.

Keywords: antibacterial activity, lactic acid bacteria, ginger, lemon, kelulut honey, S. pneumoniae.

the The Relationship Between Clean and Healthy Living Behaviours and the Incidence of Diarrhoea Among Children in the River Basin Area of Rantau Kujang Village, South Barito Regency

faizal Zairullah — 2026-06-08

The risk of diarrhea increases when clean and healthy living behavior (PHBS) is not optimally practiced, especially regarding the use of clean water, handwashing habits, and the utilization of sanitary latrines. Rantau Kujang Village is a river basin area with a relatively high incidence of childhood diarrhea, thereby necessitating a deeper investigation into the behavioral factors contributing to this condition. This study aimed to analyze the association between clean and healthy living behavior and the incidence of diarrhea among children living in the River Basin Area (DAS) of Rantau Kujang Village, South Barito Regency.

Methods: This study employed an analytic observational design with a case–control approach. The sample consisted of 200 respondents, namely mothers who had children aged 5–12 years and met the inclusion criteria. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Data on Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) were collected using a questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability, while data on the incidence of diarrhea were obtained based on a history of diagnosis by health professionals. Data analysis was conducted using univariate and bivariate analyses with Fisher’s Exact Test. The distribution of respondents based on the incidence of diarrhea in children showed that 100 respondents (50%) were in the group of children diagnosed with diarrhea and 100 respondents (50%) were in the group of children not diagnosed with diarrhea. In addition, the distribution of respondents based on Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) also demonstrated a balanced proportion, with 100 respondents (50%) in the good category and 100 respondents (50%) in the poor category. The results of Fisher’s Exact Test yielded a p-value of 0.000 (< 0.05), indicating a statistically significant association between clean and healthy living behavior and the incidence of diarrhea in children in the Watershed Area (DAS) of Rantau Kujang Village, South Barito Regency. There is a significant relationship between clean and healthy living behavior and the incidence of diarrhea among children in the river basin area of Rantau Kujang Village.

Keywords: Clean and Healthy Living Behavior, Childhood Diarrhea

Karakteristik Pasien Obesitas dengan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kayon

dimas kartono — 2026-06-08

Latar Belakang: Diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan global yang ditandai oleh peningkatan kadar glukosa darah akibat resistensi insulin dan gangguan sekresi insulin. Obesitas menjadi salah satu faktor risiko yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit ini. Pengukuran antropometri seperti indeks massa tubuh (IMT), lingkar perut, dan lingkar lengan atas dapat digunakan untuk menilai status gizi. Prevalensi obesitas dan DMT2 yang terus meningkat di Kota Palangka Raya, khususnya di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kayon, menunjukkan perlunya penelitian mengenai karakteristik pasien obesitas dengan DMT2.

Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik pasien obesitas berdasarkan IMT, lingkar perut, dan lingkar lengan atas dengan kejadian diabetes melitus tipe 2 pada responden penelitian.

Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain analitik observasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara dan pengukuran antropometri meliputi IMT, lingkar perut, dan lingkar lengan atas. Data dianalisis secara univariat untuk mengetahui distribusi antarvariabel.

Hasil: Dari 47 responden, ditemukan bahwa 48,9% responden tergolong obesitas berdasarkan IMT, 59,6% berdasarkan lingkar perut, dan hanya 4,3% berdasarkan lingkar lengan atas. Tujuh orang (14,9%) terdiagnosis DMT2, sementara 40 orang (85,1%) tidak menderita DMT2.

Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar pasien di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kayon mengalami obesitas, terutama berdasarkan lingkar perut dan IMT,namun untuk obesitas berdasarkan lingkar lengan atas relatif rendah. kejadian DMT2 masih relatif rendah di antara responden.

Kata Kunci: Obesitas, Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2, IMT, Lingkar Perut, Lingkar Lengan Atas.

In In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Green Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.) Extract Against the Growth of Shigella dysenteriae

Cevin Febryawan — 2026-06-08

Conversely, green betel leaf (Piper betle L.) is rich in bioactive compounds, indicating its promise as a natural source of antibacterial agents. A laboratory-based experimental approach was employed using a post-test only control group design. Green betel leaves were extracted via maceration with 96% ethanol as the solvent. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disk diffusion technique on Mueller–Hinton Agar (MHA), applying extract concentrations of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Ciprofloxacin (5 µg) served as the positive control, while sterile distilled water functioned as the negative control. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Mann–Whitney U test. The extract produced clear inhibition zones against Shigella dysenteriae, with mean diameters of 9.63 mm at 40%, 13.63 mm at 60%, 15.75 mm at 80%, and 21.13 mm at 100% concentration. The positive control (ciprofloxacin) generated a larger inhibition zone measuring 32.50 mm, whereas no inhibition was observed in the negative control. Based on these findings, the minimum inhibitory concentration was identified at 40%. In vitro testing demonstrated that green betel leaf extract (Piper betle L.) possesses antibacterial activity against Shigella dysenteriae. The strongest inhibitory effect was observed at full-strength extract (100%), while the MIC was established at 40%.

The Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Tape Gambut and Their Potential to Inhibit Shigella dysenteriae

Ammar Faiz — 2026-06-08

Tape gambut is a fermented product from South Kalimantan that has the potential to contain LAB as a probiotic candidate. LAB is known to produce antimicrobial compounds such as organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins, which can inhibit intestinal pathogenic bacteria such as S. dysenteriae, the main cause of shigellosis. This study aims to isolate LAB from tape gambut and identify its antibacterial activity against S. dysenteriae. This laboratory experimental study was conducted by isolating lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from tape gambut using MRSA medium through serial dilution. Isolate identification was performed macroscopically, by Gram staining, and biochemical tests. Antibacterial testing against S. dysenteriae was performed using the disk diffusion method on MHA medium, incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, and the inhibition zone was measured using a caliper. Biochemical tests showed that all isolates had characteristics similar to LAB, all isolates were Gram-positive, catalase-negative, motility-negative, and had a fermentative pattern on TSIA. All isolates tested using the disk diffusion method did not form inhibition zones on MHA medium, thus showing no antibacterial activity against S. dysenteriae under these test conditions. Tape gamhut contains bacteria with LAB characteristics, but the isolates obtained did not show inhibitory activity against S. dysenteriae. Further research with fermentation optimization and molecular identification is needed to assess its probiotic potential.

The Relationship Between Fasting Blood Glucose Levels and Creatinine Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on Duration of Disease** *(An Explanatory Case Study at dr. Doris Sylvanus Regional General Hospital, Palangka Raya City, January

Veronica Veronica — 2026-06-08

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) due to insufficient insulin secretion or reduced inulin activity, with the number of patients increasing annually. Fasting blood glucose (FBS) is one of the tests used to monitor blood glucose levels, while creatinine levels are used to assess renal function in patients with diabetic nephropathy or renal complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Based on this, this study was conducted to determine whether fasting blood glucose is associated with creatinine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. To determine whether there is a relationship between fasting blood glucose and creatinine levels. This is an explanatory case study using the Spearman rank test for non-normally distributed data. The results of the Spearman rank test showed that from the characteristics of the patients, there were 98 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with diabetic nephropathy complications, 45.9% of patients were male and 54.1% of patients were female with the recorded patient ages being 1.0% of patients (20-29 years), 1.0% of patients (30-39 years), 7.1% of patients (40-49 years), 39.8% of patients (50-59), 41.8% of patients (60-69 years), 9.2% of patients (≥70 years). And also from 98 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on the length of diagnosis there were 18.4% (1-5 years), 45.9% (6-10 years), 35.7% (>10 years). That there was no relationship between fasting blood glucose and creatinine levels because the significance value was 0.830 (sig> 0.05). There is no relationship between fasting blood glucose and creatinine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Dr. Doris Sylvanus Regional General Hospital, Palangka Raya City.

Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Spearman test, fasting blood glucose, creatinine levels, Dr. Doris Sylvanus Regional General Hospital, Palangka Raya City

The Relationship Between Age, Gender, Nutritional Status, and the Incidence of Acute Respiratory Syndrome (ARI) in Toddlers at Dr. Doris Sylvanus Regional Hospital

Mario Deltalis — 2026-06-08

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) is a common disease among children under five years old. It acutely infects the upper respiratory tract and is mainly caused by viral or bacterial infections. URTI is typically characterized by symptoms such as runny nose with thickened nasal discharge, cough, fever, sneezing, and sore throat. URTI remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases worldwide. determine the association between age, sex, and nutritional status with the incidence of URTI among children under five years old at RSUD dr. Doris Sylvanus during the period 2023–2024. This study employed an analytical observational design with a retrospective case-control approach. Data were obtained from medical records of under-five patients diagnosed with URTI and non-URTI. Variables analyzed included age, sex, and nutritional status. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed using the chi-square test. The results showed a significant association between age and the incidence of URTI among children under five years old (p = 0.039). There was no significant association between sex and the incidence of URTI (p = 0.0578). In contrast, nutritional status showed a significant association with the incidence of URTI (p = 0.004). Age and nutritional status were significantly associated with the incidence of acute upper respiratory tract infection among children under five years old, while sex was not significantly associated. These findings indicate that age and nutritional status play an important role in the occurrence of URTI in children under five.

Keywords: children under five, upper respiratory tract infection, age, sex, nutritional status