Borneo Journal of Pharmacy

Trend in the Utilization of Antipsychotics in the National Health Coverage Era in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Julaeha Julaeha, Verra Yuliana, Josephine Paramita Ayuningtyas — Thu, 30 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The utilization pattern of antipsychotics has undergone significant changes since the introduction of atypical antipsychotics. Currently, medication for patients with schizophrenia predominantly uses atypical antipsychotics rather than typical antipsychotics. This study aimed to present the updated utilization pattern of antipsychotics among Indonesians. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019-2020 at the National Mental Hospital in Indonesia. Data were collected from medication-used reports from either inpatients or outpatients. A descriptive analysis was conducted to present the pattern and the annual total cost for each antipsychotic used. The pattern of typical antipsychotics used from 2019 to 2020 was likely to decline. The total cost estimated for typical antipsychotics in 2019 was IDR 475 million, and IDR 420 million in 2020. Trifluoperazine 5 mg was the most commonly typical antipsychotic used, followed by chlorpromazine 100 mg and haloperidol 5 mg. Eventually, the pattern of atypical antipsychotics used was likely to increase. The total cost was estimated at IDR 3.2 billion in 2019 and IDR 3.8 billion in 2020. Risperidone 2 mg was the most commonly atypical antipsychotic used, followed by clozapine 25 mg and risperidone 3 mg. This study proves the trend toward increased atypical antipsychotics used. Accordingly, the cost of schizophrenia treatment was elevated.

A Review of Antifungal Resistance in West Africa

Thu, 30 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Knowledge of local and regional antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is important for clinical decision-making. However, surveillance capacity for fungal infections let alone antifungal resistance is lacking throughout West Africa, and current antifungal resistance data are sparse. We sought to address this gap by summarizing all available high-quality data on antifungal resistance in West Africa. We searched the PubMed database, African Journals Online archives, and free web searches in October and December 2023 using the terms "antifungal resistance" and "West Africa" to find articles published from 2010 onwards. Only 11 articles were included in our analysis most of which were cross-sectional and descriptive in design; relatively high levels of antifungal resistance (AFR) to commonly used antifungals were reported including (24-75%) resistance to fluconazole and ketoconazole, two of the most frequently-prescribed antifungals in this region. There is a high level of resistance to griseofulvin, ketoconazole, cotrimoxazole, and fluconazole among dermatophyte infections (80-100%) with 100% resistance to amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and fluconazole reported by the invasive fungal disease-causing pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Resistance to commonly used anti-fungal drugs is prevalent; raising concern that these drugs may no longer be useful for treating moderate or severe fungal infections in West Africa hence calling for countries to promote acceptance of antimicrobial stewardship as a programmatic strategy not just focused on bacterial resistance but also fungal resistance including pharmacy management, laboratory complete mycological investigations and dissemination of standard fungal susceptibility profiles.

Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Impact on Quality of Life and Instruments for Its Measurement

Khairunisa Qomariyanti, Rani Sauriasari, Ratu Ayu Dewi Sartika — Thu, 30 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a major complication of diabetes mellitus, significantly impacting patients' quality of life (QoL) due to the heightened risk of infection and amputation. Pharmacists play a crucial role in managing diabetes and its complications, and assessing QoL can be a valuable tool for monitoring treatment success and medication effectiveness. This review explores instruments used to measure QoL in patients with DFUs, encompassing both general and disease-specific tools. We examine the impact of DFUs on QoL and discuss various theoretical frameworks used to understand this complex relationship.

Computer-Assisted Histopathological Calculation Analysis of the Sciatic Nerve of Diabetic Neuropathy Rat Model

Thu, 30 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Histopathology is the science that studies the signs of disease by studying the structural and functional changes that occur in cells using certain types of dyes such as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Traditionally histopathological testing is carried out using semi-quantitative methods. A more advanced method is done by taking photos digitally, and then digital photos are quantified with the help of software such as ImageJ using plug-in tools. Recent advances in digital pathology require the development of more efficient computerized image analysis such as the Gaussian adaptive threshold method. This research aims to compare the calculation results of computer-assisted digitalization of histopathology using the ImageJ plugin manual method with automatic calculations using Gaussian adaptive threshold to quantify the amount of sciatic nerve cell damage in the Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) rat model. In this study, two image analysis methods were used to test their ability to measure the amount of cell damage in the sciatic nerve of normal rats using a model of diabetic neuropathy. The first method uses the ImageJ plugin manual. The second method is the Gaussian adaptive threshold method. The ImageJ plugin manual method obtained a cell abnormality value of 213 cells. Meanwhile, with the Gaussian adaptive threshold method, a value of 204 cells was obtained. The calculation results of the two methods show an insignificant difference between the methods p >0.05. This study presents a computerized morphometric image analysis method with the potential for pathology digitalization applications.

Utilization of Emulgel Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Flesh Extract as a Topical Antioxidant

Kori Yati, Fitria Nugrahaeni, Rika Melinda, Lilis Rokimah Wati — Thu, 30 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The flesh of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) contains carotenoid compounds that act as antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to determine the variation in the concentration of carbopol 940 on physical properties, irritation tests, and the stability of emulgel antioxidants against temperature and storage time. Evaluation of the physical properties of C. lanatus pulp extract emulgel includes organoleptic, homogeneity, dosage pH, dispersion, adhesion, emulsion type, viscosity as well as hedonic test and irritation test. Antioxidant stability testing of emulgel was carried out for 28 days at three temperature conditions: 4, 25, and 40°C and tested on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 with the DPPH method. The results of the physical properties evaluation meet the requirements with pH values of 5.50–5.57, dispersion 5–6 cm, adhesion <4 seconds, viscosity 5624–15443 cPs, F2 and F3 hedonic tests are preferred by researchers, and irritation tests of all formulas show no irritation symptoms to all refiners. The results of antioxidant stability of emulgel after storage on the 28^th day showed an average result of IC₅₀ temperature of 4°C (112.4547 ± 0.1432 mg/L), 25°C (119.3170 ± 0.1966 mg/L), and 40°C (124.1554 ± 0.1317 mg/L). The results of stability analysis show that temperature and storage duration affect antioxidant stability. The higher the temperature and duration of storage, the antioxidant stability of emulgel decreases. Storage of C. lanatus flesh extract emulgel at 4°C was able to maintain antioxidant activity for 28 days of storage.

Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants of Banjar and Java Tribes in Pandansari Village, South Kalimantan

Thu, 30 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In Pandansari village, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, residents from Banjar and Javanese communities traditionally utilize medicinal plants as alternatives to conventional medicine. This study aimed to explore the demographics, plant use practices, and preliminary phytochemical analysis of these plants. Using a qualitative, phenomenological approach, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were conducted with four purposively selected informants. The findings revealed 52 medicinal plant species. Leaves were the most commonly used plant part (40%), followed by boiling as the preferred processing method (54%) and drinking as the primary route of administration (58%). Two unidentified plants, asam sembelekan and daun malaysia, were frequently mentioned. Phytochemical screening detected flavonoids, saponins, phenols, and terpenoids in asam sembelekan, while daun malaysia contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids. These findings provide a foundation for further research on the efficacy and safety of these traditional medicinal plants in this community.

Molecular Docking and Dynamics of Xylocarpus granatum as A Potential Parkinson’s Drug Targeting Multiple Enzymes

Thu, 30 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Parkinson's disease is a global health challenge affecting over 10 million individuals worldwide, leading to increased disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and a rise in mortality rates. This study explores the potential anti-Parkinson's properties of Xylocarpus granatum, focusing on its interaction with key enzymes associated with the disease: catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B). Using molecular docking and molecular dynamics approaches with YASARA Structure, the ethanol extract of X. granatum was investigated for its mechanism of action. Among 30 compounds, five demonstrated promising binding affinities. Structural flexibility analysis revealed minimal fluctuations in active-site residues, highlighting the stability of key complexes involving kaempferol, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, and native ligands. Molecular Mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) simulations provided insights into the binding energy of these complexes. Notably, kaempferol exhibited higher binding energy than the natural ligand, suggesting superior binding affinity. Analysis of the average radius of gyration (Rg) showcased control drug-MAO-B exhibited higher Rg values, indicating a more flexible protein conformation. Confirming mode stability with root mean square deviation (RMSD) analysis shows overall stability, except in the A2AR-bound complex. The study's collective findings underscore the structural stabilization of ligand-protein complexes, contributing valuable insights into the potential anti-Parkinson's properties of X. granatum. These discoveries hold promise for developing more effective therapies for Parkinson's disease and significantly contribute to the neurology field.

Chemoinformatic-aided Antidiabetic Analysis of the Therapeutic Potential of Phytoconstituents in Eremomastax speciosa Extracts

Thu, 30 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research attempts to establish the antihyperglycemic potential of Eremomastax speciosa, a medicinal plant utilized in traditional West African diabetes therapy, through virtual simulation. While numerous reports have validated its biological potency, studies on the drug-likeness and antidiabetic properties of its compounds are limited. The in silico pharmacological, and toxicological profile of aqueous, methanolic/methylene phytochemicals from previously reported work was analyzed using Swiss ADME and Protox II online server. The docking process was performed using PyRx-0.8, coupled with AutoDock Vina. Phytochemicals that aligned with Lipinski’s rules for drugs were then subjected to a virtual docking simulation. This simulation replicated the inhibitory effects of E. speciosa phytochemicals on sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLT2) and α-amylase, similar to metformin, an FDA-approved antidiabetic medicine utilized as a control. Phytochemicals such as 8, 9,10-dimethyltricyclo[4.2.1.1(2,5)]decane-9,10-diol (-6.6 kcal/mol), 11-isopropylidenetricyclo[4.3.1.1(2,5)]undec-3-en-10-one (-7.9 kcal/mol), 4-(1,5-dihydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enyl)but-3-en-2-one (-7.3 kcal/mol), and N-methyl-N-4-[2-acetoxymethyl-1-pyrrolidyl]-2-butynyl]-acetamide (-7.5 kcal/mol) exhibits superior binding affinities to the specific proteins targeted, compared to metformin, implying that E. speciosa is a source of druggable antidiabetic molecules that can be enhanced to achieve better efficacy.

Bromelain-Extracted of Virgin Coconut Oil: Physical and Chemical Stability in Different Temperature During the Storage

Thu, 30 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The bromelain-enzymatic reaction is applied in virgin coconut oil (VCO) production. Hydrolysis of the emulator by bromelain enzyme in coconut milk during fermentation maximized further the separation of oil and water. In the higher demand for VCO in many industries, the VCO stability during transportation and storage must be evaluated. The research aims to evaluate the physical and chemical stability of the effect of temperature in the storage. VCO's physical and chemical stability was evaluated under two different temperature and storage periods: an elevated temperature of 50°C for 10 days and room temperature (27-30°C) for 50 days. The storage was conducted in a clear glass bottle. The evaluation was based on physical and chemical stability tests before and after storage, including organoleptic, pH changes, density, viscosity, acid number, peroxide number, and saponification number. Based on the data, the quality of the VCO after storing at 50°C for 10 days and 27-30°C for 50 days was found to be changed for pH, specific gravity, viscosity, acid number, peroxide number, saponification number, while for the appearance was found to be no changes. The VCO was very sensitive to environmental effects. Therefore, it is necessary to find the best storage chamber and temperature for stabilizing the VCO.

Ethnobotanical Study and Hedonic Evaluation with Cost Analysis of Banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) Stem Serum Preparation as an Anti-Aging Solution

Thu, 30 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In skincare, particularly facial serums, the utilization of natural ingredients is crucial in addressing various skin issues, notably combating the effects of free radicals that contribute to wrinkles. This study explores the potential of banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) stem extract as an active ingredient in serum formulation due to its rich anthocyanin content known for antioxidant properties. Hedonic testing and cost analysis serve as initial steps in the marketing mix of a product. This research aims to assess the hedonic preferences of various M. paradisiaca stem serum formulations and analyze the production costs. A descriptive research method employing survey and observational techniques was utilized for data collection and descriptive analysis. Hedonic testing was conducted to gauge the personal preferences of panelists toward M. paradisiaca stem serum formulations. Three formulations (F1 with 4%, F2 with 8%, and F3 with 12% M. paradisiaca extract) were evaluated by 40 panelists. Cost analysis of serum production employed quantitative descriptive analysis, computing the cost per unit using a variable costing method. The hedonic evaluation results showed that F1 formulation was highly preferred (79.3%), followed by F2 (73.2%), and F3 (66.8%). Cost analysis using the variable costing method revealed a total production cost of IDR 614,000.00 for 10 packages of M. paradisiaca stem serum formulation, translating to an approximate unit price of IDR 61,400.00.

Cover, Content, and Editorial Note from Borneo J Pharm Vol. 7 No. 2 May 2024

Chief Editor of Borneo J Pharm — Thu, 30 May 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.

Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alamin. The next edition of the Borneo Journal of Pharmacy (Borneo J Pharm), has been published in May 2024. This edition contains ten articles: Pharmacology-Toxicology, Pharmacognosy-Phytochemistry, Pharmaceutical, Analytical Pharmacy-Medicinal Chemistry, Microbiology Pharmacy, Natural Product Development, Clinical-Community Pharmacy, and Management Pharmacy. This edition includes writings from five countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. The authors come from several institutions, including Institut Teknologi Bandung, Universitas Darussalam Gontor, Universitas Koperasi Indonesia, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Biomatics Indonesia, Indonesian Institute of Bioinformatics, Universitas Nasional, University of Ilorin, Summit University, Ambrose Alli University, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Kampala International University, Premium Medical Services, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Clarke International University, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, International Islamic University Malaysia, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar, Universitas Indonesia, National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia, Menur National Mental Hospital, and East Java Provincial Health Service.

Editorial boards are fully aware that there is still room for improvement in this edition, hence with all humility willing to accept constructive suggestions and feedback for improvements to the publication for the next editions. The editorial board would like to thank all editors and reviewers, and contributors of the scientific articles who have provided the repertoire in this issue. We hope that all parties, especially the contributors, could re-participate for publication in the next edition on August 2024.

Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.