Uji Diagnostik Polymerase Chain Reaction dibandingkan dengan Pewarnaan Eosin dalam Mendeteksi Infeksi Soil-Transmitted Helminths pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar di Palembang
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Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminthiasis masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat, terutama pada anak sekolah dasar di wilayah dengan sanitasi yang kurang memadai. Pemeriksaan mikroskopis feses masih banyak digunakan karena sederhana dan murah, namun memiliki keterbatasan pada infeksi dengan intensitas rendah. Metode molekuler seperti Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan deteksi, tetapi kinerjanya pada setting lokal masih perlu dievaluasi. Penelitian ini merupakan uji diagnostik dengan desain cross-sectional yang melibatkan 30 sampel tinja siswa sekolah dasar. Pemeriksaan dilakukan menggunakan pewarnaan langsung dengan eosin (PLDE) sebagai metode rujukan dan PCR. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan tabel 2×2 untuk menentukan sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai prediktif positif (PPV), nilai prediktif negatif (NPV), dan akurasi. DSE menunjukkan 8 dari 30 sampel (26,7%) positif, terdiri dari Ascaris lumbricoides (7 sampel) dan Trichuris trichiura (1 sampel). PCR mendeteksi DNA Ascaris lumbricoides pada 11 sampel (36,7%), tanpa deteksi Trichuris trichiura maupun hookworm. Dibandingkan metode rujukan, PCR memiliki sensitivitas 62,5%, spesifisitas 72,72%, PPV 45,45%, NPV 84,21%, dan akurasi 70%. PCR menunjukkan kinerja diagnostik sedang dan berpotensi sebagai metode pelengkap, terutama untuk menyingkirkan kemungkinan infeksi. Namun, PCR belum mampu mendeteksi seluruh spesies STH yang teridentifikasi secara mikroskopis. Penggunaannya perlu mempertimbangkan kesiapan laboratorium, kualitas sampel, dan kemampuan deteksi spesies. Penelitian selanjutnya disarankan menggunakan sampel lebih besar, target molekuler lebih luas, multiplex PCR, dan metode rujukan yang lebih komprehensif.
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