Peran Biochar dalam Sekuestrasi Karbon dan Mitigasi Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca pada Budidaya Padi Sawah
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Abstract
Perubahan iklim global menjadi salah satu tantangan utama sektor pertanian, termasuk budidaya padi sawah yang merupakan sumber emisi metana (CH₄) akibat kondisi tanah yang tergenang dan anaerob. Biochar telah banyak dikaji sebagai teknologi yang berpotensi meningkatkan kualitas tanah sekaligus mengurangi dampak lingkungan dari budidaya padi. Artikel tinjauan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peran biochar dalam meningkatkan sekuestrasi karbon dan memitigasi emisi gas rumah kaca pada lahan sawah, serta membahas mekanisme kerja, faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi efektivitasnya, peluang pemanfaatan, dan tantangan implementasinya. Kajian dilakukan melalui studi literatur deskriptif terhadap publikasi ilmiah yang diperoleh dari Google Scholar dan ScienceDirect pada periode 2016–2026. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi biochar mampu meningkatkan cadangan karbon organik tanah sekitar 27–45% melalui peningkatan stabilitas karbon dan perbaikan sifat tanah. Selain itu, biochar umumnya menurunkan emisi CH₄ sebesar 22% hingga lebih dari 50% dengan menekan aktivitas mikroorganisme metanogen dan meningkatkan oksidasi metana oleh metanotrof. Emisi dinitrogen oksida (N₂O) juga dilaporkan menurun sebesar 17–48%, terutama melalui peningkatan aktivitas gen nosZ yang berperan dalam reduksi N₂O menjadi N₂. Namun, efektivitas biochar sangat dipengaruhi oleh jenis bahan baku, suhu pirolisis, dosis aplikasi, kondisi tanah, serta pengelolaan air dan hara. Secara keseluruhan, biochar berpotensi menjadi strategi mitigasi perubahan iklim yang mendukung keberlanjutan budidaya padi sawah. Penelitian selanjutnya perlu difokuskan pada evaluasi ekonomi jangka panjang dan pengembangan standar biochar berbasis sumber daya lokal.
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