Review Literature: an Update Faktor Risiko dan Skrining Awal Retinopati Diabetik
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Retinopati diabetik (RD) merupakan komplikasi mikrovaskular serius dari diabetes melitus (DM) yang dapat menyebabkan kebutaan bila tidak dideteksi secara dini. Prevalensi RD di Indonesia cukup tinggi, mencapai 43,1% pada pasien DM tipe 2, dengan 26,1% di antaranya mengancam penglihatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode literature review terhadap 10 artikel ilmiah yang relevan, dipublikasikan antara 2020–2025, untuk mengidentifikasi faktor risiko utama RD dan menekankan pentingnya skrining awal. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa faktor risiko paling konsisten adalah durasi DM, kadar HbA1c tinggi, hipertensi, serta jenis kelamin laki-laki. Penurunan HbA1c sebesar 1% dapat menurunkan risiko RD hingga 40%, sedangkan penurunan tekanan darah 10 mmHg menurunkan risiko sebesar 35%. Dislipidemia juga berperan, meskipun hasil penelitian terkait masih bervariasi. Skrining awal RD terbukti efektif mencegah kebutaan melalui deteksi dini menggunakan fotografi fundus, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), dan teknologi berbasis kecerdasan buatan (AI). Integrasi skrining ke layanan primer dan pemanfaatan telemedicine direkomendasikan untuk menjangkau daerah dengan akses terbatas. Kesimpulannya, pengendalian faktor risiko dan skrining rutin merupakan strategi utama dalam pencegahan RD dan pengurangan beban kesehatan masyarakat.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All rights reserved. This publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording.
References
ADA (2023) ‘Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023 Abridged for Primary Care Providers American Diabetes Association’, American Diabetes Association, 41(1), pp. 1–28.
Andi, A. et al. (2024) ‘Rumah Sakit Ibnu Sina Makassar’, 8(Dm), pp. 3338–3344.
Gomułka, K. and Ruta, M. (2023) ‘The Role of Inflammation and Therapeutic Concepts in Diabetic Retinopathy—A Short Review’, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(2). Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021024.
Haider, S. et al. (2023) ‘Diabetic retinopathy progression in patients under monitoring for treatment or vision loss: external validation and update of a multivariable prediction model’, BMJ Open, 13(4), pp. 1–9. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073015.
Hill, D.W. (2023) ‘Diabetic retinopathy.’, Practitioner, 198(183), pp. 176–177.
Jo, K. et al. (2022) ‘Long-term prediction models for vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy using medical features from data warehouse’, Scientific Reports, 12(1), pp. 1–8. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12369-0.
Johnson, T.M. (2024) ‘Retina and Vitreous’, Ophthalmology: Clinical and Surgical Principles, pp. 479–521. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003525424-15.
Kemkes (2023) ‘Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kedokteran : Tata Laksana Retinopati Diabetika’, Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, pp. 1–36.
Nafia, N.K. et al. (2021) ‘Berbagai Faktor Risiko Retinopati Diabetik pada Penderita Diabetes Melitus tipe 2’, 8(3), pp. 265–272.
Namirah, H.A. et al. (2025) ‘LITERATURE REVIEW : PERAN KONTROL GLIKEMIK DALAM’, 9, pp. 9284–9294.
Nursyamsi, Habibah S. Muhiddin, A.M.I. (2018) ‘Prevalensiretinopati Diabetik Yang Mengancam penglihatan dan tidak terdiagnosa di RSUP dr. Wahidin SudiroHusodo’, 8(2), pp. 169–175.
PERKENI (no date) Pedoman Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Dewasa di Indonesia-2021 PERKENI Penerbit PB. PERKENI.
Prema Hapsari Hidayati, Indah Lestari Daeng Kanang, Dzulrizka Razak, R.P. and Basri, L. (2021) ‘HbA1c levels with albuminuria in diabetes mellitus patients’, 129(4), pp. 852–857. Available at: https://doi.org/10.47307/GMC.2021.129.4.4.
Primaputri, A. et al. (2022) ‘Hubungan Jenis Retinopati Diabetik dengan Lama Menderita Diabetes Melitus dan Kadar HbA1C’, Fakumi Medical journal, 2(8), pp. 585–591.
Qian, J. et al. (2022) ‘Male sex increases the risk of diabetic retinopathy in an urban safety-net hospital population without impacting the relationship between axial length and retinopathy’, Scientific Reports, 12(1), pp. 1–5. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13593-4.
Ranti Filarma Negara Purnama, Isna Kusuma Nintyastuti, M.R. (2023) ‘Retinopati Diabetik : Manifestasi Klinis, Diagnosis, Tatalaksana dan Pencegahan’, Lombok Medical Journal, 2(2), pp. 1–4.
Rigato, M. et al. (2022) ‘Effectiveness of remote screening for diabetic retinopathy among patients referred to Mozambican Diabetes Association (AMODIA): a retrospective observational study’, Acta Diabetologica, 59(4), pp. 563–569. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-021-01834-3.
Sharif, A., Jendle, J. and Hellgren, K.J. (2021) ‘Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy with Extended Intervals, Safe and Without Compromising Adherence: A Retrospective Cohort Study’, Diabetes Therapy, 12(1), pp. 223–234. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-020-00957-0.
Sone, H. (2023) ‘Recent updates in factors associated with incidence and screening of diabetic eye disease’, Journal of Diabetes Investigation, 14(6), pp. 744–745. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.13991.
Tiwari, M., Chander, A. and Singh, V.K. (2023) ‘Association of serum lipids and random plasma glucose levels with severity of diabetic retinopathy’, Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 9(2), pp. 155–160. Available at: https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2023.031.
Unung, P.J. et al. (2020) ‘Effect of glycemic control and dyslipidemia on plasma vascular endothelial growth factor and pigment epithelium-derived factor in diabetic retinopathy patients in Northern Nigeria.’, International journal of health sciences, 14(6), pp. 4–12.
Wang, G.X. et al. (2023) ‘Development and validation of a diabetic retinopathy risk prediction model for middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus’, Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14(March), pp. 1–10. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1132036.
Wewetzer, L., Held, L.A. and Steinhäuser, J. (2021) ‘Diagnostic performance of deep-learning-based screening methods for diabeti
c retinopathy in primary care—A meta-analysis’, PLoS ONE, 16(8 August), pp. 1–14. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255034.
White, N.H. et al. (2022) ‘Risk Factors for the Development of Retinopathy in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: The Diabetes Prevention Program Experience’, Diabetes Care, 45(11), pp. 2653–2661. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-0860.
WHO (2020) Diabetic retinopathy screening : a short guide.