Anti-inflammatory and Immunostimulant Therapy with Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus plantarum in COVID-19: A Literature Review
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Submitted
30 March 2022
Published
31 August 2022
Keywords:
-
Anti-inflammatory, Immunostimulant, SARS-CoV-2, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases are diseases characterized by inflammatory symptoms. Acute inflammatory disease can cause dysregulation of the inflammatory immune response, thereby inhibiting the development of protective immunity against infection. Among the acute inflammatory disease is COVID-19. The initial viral infection causes the antigen-presenting cells to detect the virus through a phagocytosis mechanism in the form of macrophage and dendritic cells. Lactobacillus fermentum and L. plantarum are gram-positive bacteria potentially serving as immunomodulators caused by inflammation and immune system response. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by Lactobacillus can induce immune response through tolerogenic dendritic cells. This probiotic bacterium can induce the production of different cytokines or chemokines. Following the results of in vitro and in vivo tests, L. fermentum and L. plantarum can induce IL-10 release to activate regulatory T-cell and inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) binding activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Literature review showed that dysregulation of inflammatory immune response disorders due to inflammatory disease could be treated using probiotic bacteria L. fermentum and L. plantarum. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further studies on the potential of indigenous Indonesian strains of these two bacteria as anti-inflammatory and immunostimulants.
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References
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3. Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):418-23. doi:10.1002/jmv.25681
4. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-33. doi:10.1056/nejmoa2001017
5. Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1282:1-23. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1
6. Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, et al. The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (CoVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: Estimation and application. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(9):577-82. doi:10.7326/M20-0504
7. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-9. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585
8. Zhang B, Zhou X, Qiu Y, Song Y, Feng F, Feng J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 82 cases of death from COVID-19. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0235458. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235458
9. Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm' in COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;80(6):607-13. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037
10. Zaim S, Chong JH, Sankaranarayanan V, Harky A. COVID-19 and Multiorgan Response. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2020;45(8):100618. doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100618
11. Plaza-Díaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Vilchez-Padial LM, Gil A. Evidence of the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Probiotics and Synbiotics in Intestinal Chronic Diseases. Nutrients. 2017;9(6):555. doi:10.3390/nu9060555
12. Kim YA, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and insulin sensitivity. Nutr Res Rev. 2018;31(1):35-51. doi:10.1017/S095442241700018X
13. Freitas RHCN, Fraga CAM. NF-κB-IKKβ Pathway as a Target for Drug Development: Realities, Challenges and Perspectives. Curr Drug Targets. 2018;19(16):1933-42. doi:10.2174/1389450119666180219120534
14. Rocha-Ramírez LM, Pérez-Solano RA, Castañón-Alonso SL, Guerrero SSM, Pacheco AR, Garibay MG, et al. Probiotic Lactobacillus Strains Stimulate the Inflammatory Response and Activate Human Macrophages. J Immunol Res. 2017;2017:4607491. doi:10.1155/2017/4607491
15. Yang Y, Shen C, Li J, Yuan J, Wei J, Huang F, et al. Exuberant elevation of IP-10, MCP-3 and IL-1ra during SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with disease severity and fatal outcome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(1):119-27. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.027
16. Tajabadi N, Mardan M, Saari N, Mustafa S, Bahreini R, Manap MYA. Identification of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus and Lactobacillus fermentum from honey stomach of honeybee. Braz J Microbiol. 2014;44(3):717-22. doi:10.1590/s1517-83822013000300008
17. Lee CS, Kim SH. Anti-inflammatory and Anti-osteoporotic Potential of Lactobacillus plantarum A41 and L. fermentum SRK414 as Probiotics. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2020;12(2):623-34. doi:10.1007/s12602-019-09577-y
18. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271-80.e8. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
19. Jia HP, Look DC, Shi L, Hickey M, Pewe L, Netland J, et al. ACE2 Receptor Expression and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Depend on Differentiation of Human Airway Epithelia. J Virol. 2005;79(23):14614-21. doi:10.1128/jvi.79.23.14614-14621.2005
20. Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12:8. doi:10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x
21. Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis MLC, Lely AT, Navis GJ, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol. 2004;203(2):631-7. doi:10.1002/path.1570
22. Tay MZ, Poh CM, Rénia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP. The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(6):363-74. doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8
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Noviardi H, Iswantini D, Mulijani S, Wahyudi ST, Khusniati T. Anti-inflammatory and Immunostimulant Therapy with Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus plantarum in COVID-19: A Literature Review. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2022Aug.31 [cited 2024Dec.12];5(3):255-67. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/3367
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