The Protective Effect of Amorphophallus oncophyllus against Indomethacin-Induced Duodenal Mucosal Injury in Rats via Inhibition of Inflammatory Cell Infiltration
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Submitted
3 July 2025
Published
30 November 2025
Keywords:
-
Amorphophallus oncophyllus, glucomannan, indomethacin, Anti-inflammatory, non-communicable disease
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause significant gastrointestinal mucosal injury, particularly in the duodenum. This damage is often initiated by localized erosion of the duodenal mucosa, which triggers a subsequent inflammatory cascade. The porang tuber (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) is a promising candidate for mitigating this injury due to its rich composition of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and glucomannan, all of which possess known anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the protective effect of an ethanolic A. oncophyllus extract on the duodenal mucosa in an indomethacin-induced rat model. Thirty Wistar white rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly assigned to five groups: a vehicle control, a model group receiving indomethacin, and three treatment groups that were pretreated with A. oncophyllus extract at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively, for seven days before a single dose of indomethacin. Our findings demonstrated that the A. oncophyllus extract, particularly at a dose of 200 mg/kg, effectively reduced duodenal mucosal injury caused by indomethacin. This protective effect is likely attributable to the extract's phytochemical profile, which contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and alkaloids. In conclusion, this research confirms that A. oncophyllus extract has the potential to protect the duodenal mucosa from NSAID-induced damage.
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References
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2. Toktay E, Yayla M, Sahin L, Harmankaya A, Ozic C, Kilicle PA, et al. The effects of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) extract on indomethacin-induced stomach ulcer in rats. J Food Biochem. 2022;46(9):e14274. DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14274; PMID: 35716002
3. Tarasconi A, Coccolini F, Biffl WL, Tomasoni M, Ansaloni L, Picetti E, et al. Perforated and bleeding peptic ulcer: WSES guidelines. World J Emerg Surg. 2020;15:3. DOI: 10.1186/s13017-019-0283-9; PMCID: PMC6947898; PMID: 31921329
4. Bindu S, Mazumder S, Bandyopadhyay U. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and organ damage: A current perspective. Biochem Pharmacol. 2020;180:114147. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114147; PMCID: PMC7347500; PMID: 32653589
5. Wang B, Wu L, Chen J, Dong L, Chec C, Wen Z, et al. Metabolism pathways of arachidonic acids: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):94. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00443-w; PMCID: PMC7910446; PMID: 33637672
6. Soydan M, Arabaci G, Utlu N, Halici MB, Senocak EA, Kiliçlioglu M. Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats: Gastroprotectivity of Muscari neglectum in Water. Pharmaceuticals. 2024;18(1):7. DOI: 10.3390/ph18010007; PMCID: PMC11769145; PMID: 39861070
7. Begg M, Tarhuni M, Fotso MN, Gonzalez NA, Sanivarapu RR, Osman U, et al. Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists in the Management of Patients With Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2023;15(8):e44341. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44341; PMCID: PMC10538946; PMID: 37779765
8. Vaezi MF, Yang YX, Howden CW. Complications of Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy. Gastroenterology. 2017;153(1):35-48. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.047; PMID: 28528705
9. Abdu N, Mosazghi A, Teweldemedhin S, Asfaha L, Teshale M, Kibreab M, et al. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Usage and co-prescription with other potentially interacting drugs in elderly: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0238868. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238868; PMCID: PMC7546451; PMID: 33035226
10. Shanmugam S, Thangaraj P, Lima BDS, Trindade GGG, Narain N, Silva AMdOE, et al. Protective effects of flavonoid composition rich P. subpeltata Ortega. on indomethacin induced experimental ulcerative colitis in rat models of inflammatory bowel diseases. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;248:112350. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112350; PMID: 31669103
11. Jucá MM, Filho FMSC, de Almeida JC, Mesquita DdS, Barriga JRdM, Dias KCF, et al. Flavonoids: biological activities and therapeutic potential. Nat Prod Res. 2020;34(5):692–705. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1493588; PMID: 30445839
12. Lin K, Wang Y, Gong J, Tan Y, Deng T, Wei N. Protective effects of total flavonoids from Alpinia officinarum rhizoma against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in vivo and in vitro. Pharm Biol. 2020;58(1):854–62. DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1803370; PMCID: PMC8641678; PMID: 32871094
13. Jing W, Xiaolan C, Yu C, Feng Q, Haifeng Y. Pharmacological effects and mechanisms of tannic acid. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;154:113561. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113561; PMID: 36029537
14. Boeing T, Mariano LNB, dos Santos AC, Tolentino B, Vargas AC, de Souza P, et al. Gastroprotective effect of the alkaloid boldine: Involvement of non-protein sulfhydryl groups, prostanoids and reduction on oxidative stress. Chem Biol Interact. 2020;327:109166. DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109166; PMID: 32531310
15. Sitompul MR, Suryana FS, Mahfud M, Bhuana DS. Ekstraksi Asam Oksalat Pada Umbi Porang (Amorphophallus Oncophyllus) dengan Metode Mechanical Separation. J Teknik ITS. 2018;7(1):135–7. DOI: 10.12962/j23373539.v7i1.28831
16. Hanifa NN, Rini M, Supristiwendi, Ridha A. Analisis Usahatani Porang Pada Usahatani Abdul Muis Di Desa Berngam Kecamatan Binjai Kota, Kota Binjai. Mimbar Agribisnis J Pemikiran Masyarakat Ilmiah Berwawasan Agribisnis. 2023;9(2):3203–17. DOI: 10.25157/ma.v9i2.10958
17. Tiranakwit T, Puangpun W, Tamprasit K, Wichai N, Siriamornpun S, Srisongkram T, et al. Phytochemical Screening on Phenolic, Flavonoid Contents, and Antioxidant Activities of Six Indigenous Plants Used in Traditional Thai Medicine. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(17):13425. DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713425; PMCID: PMC10487580; PMID: 37686230
18. Suyoko E, Pandiangan D, Nainggolan N, Tumbol MV, Nainggolan EA, Nainggolan VPG. The Effectiveness of Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) Powder Solution on Healing Inflammation of The Stomach of Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced with Acetic Acid. Int J Sci Res. 2022;11(8):465–72. DOI: 10.21275/SR22804235551
19. Wang XY, Yin JY, Hu JL, Nie SP, Xie MY. Gastroprotective polysaccharide from natural sources: Review on structure, mechanism, and structure–activity relationship. Food Front. 2022;3(4):560–91. DOI: 10.1002/fft2.172
20. Kurnijasanti R, Candrarisna M. The effect of pisang ambon (Musa paradisiaca l.) stem extract on the regulation of IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α in rats’ enteritis. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2019;33(2):407–13. DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2019.163167
21. Kumar CP, Lokesh T, Gobinath M, Kumar B, Saravanan D. Anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic activities of glucomannan isolated from Araucaria cunninghamii seeds. J Chem Pharm Sci. 2013;6(3):204–9.
22. Viranda DPS, Kurnijasanti R, Rachmawati K, Hamid IS, Srianto P, Plumeriastuti H, et al. Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) tuber extract improved the histopathological features of diabetic rat (Rattus norvegicus) testicles. Ovozoa J Anim Reprod. 2024;13(1):47–57. DOI: 10.20473/ovz.v13i1.2024.47-57
23. Chen XY, Chen HM, Liu YH, Zhang ZB, Zheng YF, Su ZQ, et al. The gastroprotective effect of pogostone from Pogostemonis Herba against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Exp Biol Med. 2016;241(2):193–204. DOI: 10.1177/1535370215600099; PMCID: PMC4935386; PMID: 26290140
24. Julianto TS. Fitokimia: Tinjauan Metabolit Sekunder dan Skrining fitokimia. Yogyakarta: Universitas Islam Indonesia; 2019.
25. Muthmainnah B. Skrining Fitokimia Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Ekstrak Etanol Buah Delima (Punica granatum L.) dengan Metode Uji Warna. Media Farmasi. 2019;13(2):36. DOI: 10.32382/mf.v13i2.880
26. Erben U, Loddenkemper C, Doerfel K, Spieckermann S, Haller D, Heimesaat MM, et al. A guide to histomorphological evaluation of intestinal inflammation in mouse models. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014;7(8):4557–76. PMCID: PMC4152019; PMID: 25197329
27. Tai FWD, McAlindon ME. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the gastrointestinal tract. Clin Med. 2021;21(2):131-4. DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.2021-0039; PMCID: PMC8002800; PMID: 33762373
28. Kolimi P, Narala S, Nyavanandi D, Youssef AAA, Dudhipala N. Innovative Treatment Strategies to Accelerate Wound Healing: Trajectory and Recent Advancements. Cells. 2022;11(15):2439. DOI: 10.3390/cells11152439; PMCID: PMC9367945; PMID: 35954282
29. Dubale S, Kebebe D, Zeynudin A, Abdissa N, Suleman S. Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Selected Medicinal Plants in Ethiopia. J Exp Pharmacol. 2023;15:51-62. DOI: 10.2147/jep.s379805; PMCID: PMC9922502; PMID: 36789235
30. Roy A, Khan A, Ahmad I, Alghamdi S, Rajab BR, Babalghith AO, et al. Flavonoids a Bioactive Compound from Medicinal Plants and Its Therapeutic Applications. Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022:5445291. DOI: 10.1155/2022/5445291; PMCID: PMC9192232; PMID: 35707379
31. Safe S, Jayaraman A, Chapkin RS, Howard M, Mohankumar K, Shrestha R. Flavonoids: structure–function and mechanisms of action and opportunities for drug development. Toxicol Res. 2021;37(2):147–62. DOI: 10.1007/s43188-020-00080-z; PMCID: PMC8007671; PMID: 33868973
32. Molino S, Lerma-Aguilera A, Jiménez-Hernández N, Gosalbes MJ, Rufián-Henares JÁ, Francino MP. Enrichment of Food With Tannin Extracts Promotes Healthy Changes in the Human Gut Microbiota. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:625782. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.625782; PMCID: PMC8008114; PMID: 33796085
33. Zhong J, Tan L, Chen M, He C. Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms of Pulsatilla saponins. Chin Med. 2022;17(1):59. DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00613-8; PMCID: PMC9125917; PMID: 35606807
34. Sharma K, Kaur R, Kumar S, Saini RK, Sharma S, Pawde SV, et al. Saponins: A concise review on food related aspects, applications and health implications. Food Chem Adv. 2023;2:100191. DOI: 10.1016/j.focha.2023.100191
35. Del Prado-Audelo ML, Cortés H, Caballero-Florán IH, González-Torres M, Escutia-Guadarrama L, Bernal-Chávez SA, et al. Therapeutic Applications of Terpenes on Inflammatory Diseases. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:704197. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.704197; PMCID: PMC8414653; PMID: 34483907
36. Ali DE, el-Aziz MMA, Ibrahim SSA, Sheta E, Abdel-Sattar E. Gastroprotective and anti-Helicobacter pylori potentials of essential oils from the oleoresins of Araucaria bidwillii and Araucaria heterophylla. Inflammopharmacology. 2023;31(1):465–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-022-01112-w; PMCID: PMC9768391; PMID: 36542210
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Authors
1.
Setiawati Y, Kurnijasanti R, D’Arqom A, Nugraha J, Illiandri O, Sudjarwo SA. The Protective Effect of Amorphophallus oncophyllus against Indomethacin-Induced Duodenal Mucosal Injury in Rats via Inhibition of Inflammatory Cell Infiltration. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2025Nov.30 [cited 2025Dec.31];8(4):388-97. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/10233
Copyright (c) 2025 Yuani Setiawati, Rochmah Kurnijasanti, Annette D'Arqom, Jusak Nugraha, Oski Illiandri, Sri Agus Sudjarwo
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