Formulation and Evaluation of Natural Gel Containing Ethanolic Extract of Pandanus amaryllifolius R. Using Various Gelling Agents
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Submitted
25 May 2020
Published
30 November 2022
Keywords:
-
Pandan leaves, Release kinetics, Gels, Gelling agents, Wound Healing
Abstract
Ethanol extract of Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves contains quercetin has anti-inflammatory properties. The gel dosage form is very appropriate for wound healing therapy because it gives a cold sensation to the skin. This study aims to formulate a P. amaryllifolius gel by variation of a gelling agent to compare the effect of a natural gelling agent, semi-synthetic gelling agent, and synthetic gelling agent on the physical characteristics of the gel. The gel formulation was made in three formulas. Evaluations include organoleptic, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, pH, and viscosity. The optimum gel formula was tested for release study using a dissolution apparatus 5. Determination of release kinetics model using the kinetics approach of zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas. The organoleptic shows the gel's dark green color, P. amaryllifolius aromas, and good homogeneity. The gel formulas had pH values that matched the physical quality criteria of the gel. Data obtained for the spreadability test for F1, F2, and F3 were 12.16, 14.66, and 10.75 g.cm/sec, respectively. The F1, F2, and F3 adhesion test results were 11.66, 10, and 47.33, respectively. The viscosity of F1 was 15750 cps, F2 was 4807 cps, and F3 was 19380 cps. This study concludes that the optimum formula is obtained from the gelling agent of Na-CMC as a gelling agent. The number of quercetins released from F2 was 42.76%, and the release kinetics model followed the kinetics of Higuchi.
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References
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20. Fransina EG, Tanasale MFJDP, Latupeirissa J, Malle D, Tahapary R. Phytochemical screening of water extract of gayam (Inocarpus edulis) Bark and its amylase inhibitor activity assay. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2019;509:012074. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/509/1/012074
21. Quyen NTC, Quyen NTN, Nhan LTH, Toan TQ. Antioxidant activity, total phenolics and flavonoids contents of Pandanus amaryllifolius (Roxb.). IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2020;991:012019. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/991/1/012019
22. Noviyanti, Martiani I, Perdana F, Rahmaniah. Determination of total phenol and total flavonoid, and antioxidant activities of chocolate leaves (Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herb.). Bali Med J. 2022;11(2):927-33. doi:10.15562/bmj.v11i2.3420
23. Kusuma TM, Azalea M, Dianita P, Syifa, N. Pengaruh variasi jenis dan konsentrasi gelling agent terhadap sifat fisik gel hidrokortison. J Farmasi Sains Praktis. 2018;4(1):44-9. doi:10.31603/pharmacy.v4i1.2589
24. Aiyalu R, Govindarjan A, Ramasamy A. Formulation and evaluation of topical herbal gel for the treatment of arthritis in animal model. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2016;52(3):493-507. doi:10.1590/S1984-82502016000300015
25. Dantas MGB, Reis SAGB, Damasceno CMD, Rolim LA, Rolim-Neto PJ, Carvalho FO, et al. Development and evaluation of stability of a gel formulation containing the monoterpene borneol. ScientificWorldJournal. 2016;2016:7394685 doi:10.1155/2016/7394685
26. Cai B, Söderkvist K, Engqvist H, Bredenberg S. A new drug release method in early development of transdermal drug delivery systems. Pain Res Treat. 2012;2012:953140. doi:10.1155/2012/953140
27. Ramadan AA, Elbakry AM, Esmaeil AH, Khaleel SA. Pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of novel rectal mucoadhesive hydrogels containing tolmetin sodium. J Pharm Investig. 2018;48(6):673-83. doi:10.1007/s40005-017-0365-1
28. Panche AN, Diwan AD, Chandra SR. Flavonoids: an overview. J Nutr Sci. 2016;5:e47. doi:10.1017/jns.2016.41
29. Suryani CL, Murti STC, Ardiyan A, Setyowati A. Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) dan Fraksi-Fraksinya. Agritech. 2017;37(3):271-9. doi:10.22146/agritech.11312
30. Bonacucina G, Cespi M, Misici-Falzi M, Palmieri GF. Rheological evaluation of silicon/carbopol hydrophilic gel systems as a vehicle for delivery of water insoluble drugs. AAPS J. 2008;10(1):84-91. doi:10.1208/s12248-008-9008-9
31. Bolla PK, Clark BA, Juluri A, Cheruvu HS, Renukuntla J. Evaluation of Formulation Parameters on Permeation of Ibuprofen from Topical Formulations Using Strat-M® Membrane. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(2):151. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12020151
32. Lukić M, Pantelić I, Savić SD. Towards Optimal pH of the Skin and Topical Formulations: From the Current State of the Art to Tailored Products. Cosmetics. 2021;8(3):69. doi:10.3390/cosmetics8030069
33. Maslii Y, Ruban O, Kasparaviciene G, Kalveniene Z, Materiienko A, Ivanauskas L, et al. The Influence of pH Values on the Rheological, Textural and Release Properties of Carbomer Polacril® 40P-Based Dental Gel Formulation with Plant-Derived and Synthetic Active Components. Molecules. 2020;25(21):5018. doi:10.3390/molecules25215018
34. Jain A, Poling MD, Smith AP, Nagarajan VK, Lahner B, Meagher RB, et al. Variations in the composition of gelling agents affect morphophysiological and molecular responses to deficiencies of phosphate and other nutrients. Plant Physiol. 2009;150(2):1033-49. doi:10.1104/pp.109.136184
35. Mukhlishah NRI, Sugihartini N, Yuwono T. Irritability and physical properties of clove oil essential oil (Syzigium aromaticum) ointment on hydrocarbon base. Majalah Farmaseutik. 2016;12(1):372-6. doi:10.22146/farmaseutik.v12i1.24130
36. A-sasutjarit R, Sirivat A, Vayumhasuwan P. Viscoelastic Properties of Carbopol 940 Gels and Their Relationships to Piroxicam Diffusion Coefficients in Gel Bases. Pharm Res. 2005;22(12):2134-40. doi:10.1007/s11095-005-8244-2
37. Dewi CC, Saptarini NM. Hidroksi propil metil selulosa dan karbomer serta sifat fisikokimianya sebagai gelling agent. Farmaka. 2016;14(3):1-10. doi:10.24198/jf.v14i3.8593.g5045
38. Dewanti AP, Azzahra F. Uji Karakteristik Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) Dengan Basis Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC). Afamedis. 2020;1(2):31-41.
39. Hosny KM, Alkhalidi HM, Alharbi WS, Md S, Sindi AM, Ali SA, et al. Recent Trends in Assessment of Cellulose Derivatives in Designing Novel and Nanoparticulate-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Improvement of Oral Health. Polymers. 2021;14(1):92. doi:10.3390/polym14010092
40. Binder L, Mazál J, Petz R, Klang V, Valenta C. The role of viscosity on skin penetration from cellulose ether-based hydrogels. Skin Res Technol. 2019;25(5):725-34. doi:10.1111/srt.12709
41. Musfiroh I, Dewanti NI, Perwira AP, Husni P, Tjitraresmi A, Muhtadi A. Studi pelepasan natrium diklofenak dari na-cmc hasil sintesis selulosa eceng gondok menggunakan epiklorohidrin sebagai crosslinker. J Farmasi Galenika. 2018;5(3):103-14.
42. Savjani KT, Gajjar AK, Savjani JK. Drug solubility: importance and enhancement techniques. ISRN Pharm. 2012;2012:195727. doi:10.5402/2012/195727
2. Gonzales ACdO, Costa TF, Andrade ZdA, Medrado ARAP. Wound healing - A literature review. An Bras Dermatol. 2016;91(5):614-20. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164741
3. Dai T, Kharkwal GB, Tanaka M, Huang YY, de Arce VJB, Hamblin MR. Animal models of external traumatic wound infections. Virulence. 2011;2(4):296-315. doi:10.4161/viru.2.4.16840
4. Bindu S, Mazumder S, Bandyopadhyay U. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and organ damage: A current perspective. Biochem Pharmacol. 2020;180:114147. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114147
5. Yuan H, Ma Q, Ye L, Piao G. The Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine from Natural Products. Molecules. 2016;21(5):559. doi:10.3390/molecules21050559
6. Astanti MD, Lestari PE, Triwahyuni IE. Efektivitas Gel Esktrak Daun Pandan Wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) terhadap Penyembuhan Ulser Pada Tikus Wistar. Stomatognatic J Kedokteran Gigi. 2022;19(1):7-12. doi:10.19184/stoma.v19i1.30693
7. Aini R, Mardiyaningsih A. Pandan leaves extract (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb) as a food preservative. JKKI J Kedokteran Kesehatan Indones. 2016;7(4):166-73. doi:10.20885/JKKI.Vol7.Iss4.art8
8. Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZE. Profiling of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant and anticancer activities in pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) extracts from different locations of Malaysia. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13:341. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-13-341
9. Ricciotti E, FitzGerald GA. Prostaglandins and inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31(5):986-1000. doi:10.1161/atvbaha.110.207449
10. Ghaffari S, Alihosseini F, Sorkhabadi SMR, Bidgoli SA, Mousavi SE, Haghighat S, et al. Nanotechnology in Wound Healing; Semisolid Dosage Forms Containing Curcumin-Ampicillin Solid Lipid Nanoparticles, in-Vitro, Ex-Vivo and in-Vivo Characteristics. Adv Pharm Bull. 2018;8(3):395-400. doi:10.15171/apb.2018.046
11. Stan D, Tanase C, Avram M, Apetrei R, Mincu NB, Mateescu AL, et al. Wound healing applications of creams and "smart" hydrogels. Exp Dermatol. 2021;30(9):1218-32. doi:10.1111/exd.14396
12. Wijayantini R, Cahyaningsih R, Permatasari AN. Efektivitas Salep Ekstrak Etanol 70% Daun Pandan Wangi Terhadap Penyembuhan Luka Bakar Pada Mencit Putih Jantan. Fitofarmaka J Ilmiah Farmasi. 2018;8(1):32-42. doi:10.33751/jf.v8i1.1169
13. Cho CY, Lo JS. Dressing the part. Dermatol Clin. 1998;16(1):25-47. doi:10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70485-x
14. Purnamawati S, Indrastuti N, Danarti R, Saefudin T. The Role of Moisturizers in Addressing Various Kinds of Dermatitis: A Review. Clin Med Res. 2017;15(3-4):75-87. doi:10.3121/cmr.2017.1363
15. Forestryana D, Fahmi MS, Putri AN. Pengaruh jenis dan konsentrasi gelling agent pada karakteristik formula gel antiseptik ekstrak etanol 70% kulit buah pisang ambon. Lumbung Farmasi J Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2020;1(2):45-51. doi:10.31764/lf.v1i2.2303
16. Burey P, Bhandari BR, Rutgers RPG, Halley PJ, Torley PJ. Confectionery Gels: A Review on Formulation, Rheological and Structural Aspects. Int J Food Proper. 2009;12(1):176-210. doi:10.1080/10942910802223404
17. Panzade P, Puranik PK. Carbopol Polymers: A Versatile Polymer for Pharmaceutical Applications. Res J Pharm Technol. 2010;3(3):672-5.
18. Rahman MS, Hasan MS, Nitai AS, Nam S, Karmakar AK, Ahsan MS, et al. Recent Developments of Carboxymethyl Cellulose. Polymers. 2021;13(8):1345. doi:10.3390/polym13081345
19. Safrida S, Khairil K, Artika W, Rinaldi R. Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaf extract prepared by nanoemulsion technique as a natural mouthwash. J Phys Conf Ser. 2020;1460:012050. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1460/1/012050
20. Fransina EG, Tanasale MFJDP, Latupeirissa J, Malle D, Tahapary R. Phytochemical screening of water extract of gayam (Inocarpus edulis) Bark and its amylase inhibitor activity assay. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2019;509:012074. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/509/1/012074
21. Quyen NTC, Quyen NTN, Nhan LTH, Toan TQ. Antioxidant activity, total phenolics and flavonoids contents of Pandanus amaryllifolius (Roxb.). IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2020;991:012019. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/991/1/012019
22. Noviyanti, Martiani I, Perdana F, Rahmaniah. Determination of total phenol and total flavonoid, and antioxidant activities of chocolate leaves (Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herb.). Bali Med J. 2022;11(2):927-33. doi:10.15562/bmj.v11i2.3420
23. Kusuma TM, Azalea M, Dianita P, Syifa, N. Pengaruh variasi jenis dan konsentrasi gelling agent terhadap sifat fisik gel hidrokortison. J Farmasi Sains Praktis. 2018;4(1):44-9. doi:10.31603/pharmacy.v4i1.2589
24. Aiyalu R, Govindarjan A, Ramasamy A. Formulation and evaluation of topical herbal gel for the treatment of arthritis in animal model. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2016;52(3):493-507. doi:10.1590/S1984-82502016000300015
25. Dantas MGB, Reis SAGB, Damasceno CMD, Rolim LA, Rolim-Neto PJ, Carvalho FO, et al. Development and evaluation of stability of a gel formulation containing the monoterpene borneol. ScientificWorldJournal. 2016;2016:7394685 doi:10.1155/2016/7394685
26. Cai B, Söderkvist K, Engqvist H, Bredenberg S. A new drug release method in early development of transdermal drug delivery systems. Pain Res Treat. 2012;2012:953140. doi:10.1155/2012/953140
27. Ramadan AA, Elbakry AM, Esmaeil AH, Khaleel SA. Pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of novel rectal mucoadhesive hydrogels containing tolmetin sodium. J Pharm Investig. 2018;48(6):673-83. doi:10.1007/s40005-017-0365-1
28. Panche AN, Diwan AD, Chandra SR. Flavonoids: an overview. J Nutr Sci. 2016;5:e47. doi:10.1017/jns.2016.41
29. Suryani CL, Murti STC, Ardiyan A, Setyowati A. Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) dan Fraksi-Fraksinya. Agritech. 2017;37(3):271-9. doi:10.22146/agritech.11312
30. Bonacucina G, Cespi M, Misici-Falzi M, Palmieri GF. Rheological evaluation of silicon/carbopol hydrophilic gel systems as a vehicle for delivery of water insoluble drugs. AAPS J. 2008;10(1):84-91. doi:10.1208/s12248-008-9008-9
31. Bolla PK, Clark BA, Juluri A, Cheruvu HS, Renukuntla J. Evaluation of Formulation Parameters on Permeation of Ibuprofen from Topical Formulations Using Strat-M® Membrane. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(2):151. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics12020151
32. Lukić M, Pantelić I, Savić SD. Towards Optimal pH of the Skin and Topical Formulations: From the Current State of the Art to Tailored Products. Cosmetics. 2021;8(3):69. doi:10.3390/cosmetics8030069
33. Maslii Y, Ruban O, Kasparaviciene G, Kalveniene Z, Materiienko A, Ivanauskas L, et al. The Influence of pH Values on the Rheological, Textural and Release Properties of Carbomer Polacril® 40P-Based Dental Gel Formulation with Plant-Derived and Synthetic Active Components. Molecules. 2020;25(21):5018. doi:10.3390/molecules25215018
34. Jain A, Poling MD, Smith AP, Nagarajan VK, Lahner B, Meagher RB, et al. Variations in the composition of gelling agents affect morphophysiological and molecular responses to deficiencies of phosphate and other nutrients. Plant Physiol. 2009;150(2):1033-49. doi:10.1104/pp.109.136184
35. Mukhlishah NRI, Sugihartini N, Yuwono T. Irritability and physical properties of clove oil essential oil (Syzigium aromaticum) ointment on hydrocarbon base. Majalah Farmaseutik. 2016;12(1):372-6. doi:10.22146/farmaseutik.v12i1.24130
36. A-sasutjarit R, Sirivat A, Vayumhasuwan P. Viscoelastic Properties of Carbopol 940 Gels and Their Relationships to Piroxicam Diffusion Coefficients in Gel Bases. Pharm Res. 2005;22(12):2134-40. doi:10.1007/s11095-005-8244-2
37. Dewi CC, Saptarini NM. Hidroksi propil metil selulosa dan karbomer serta sifat fisikokimianya sebagai gelling agent. Farmaka. 2016;14(3):1-10. doi:10.24198/jf.v14i3.8593.g5045
38. Dewanti AP, Azzahra F. Uji Karakteristik Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) Dengan Basis Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC). Afamedis. 2020;1(2):31-41.
39. Hosny KM, Alkhalidi HM, Alharbi WS, Md S, Sindi AM, Ali SA, et al. Recent Trends in Assessment of Cellulose Derivatives in Designing Novel and Nanoparticulate-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Improvement of Oral Health. Polymers. 2021;14(1):92. doi:10.3390/polym14010092
40. Binder L, Mazál J, Petz R, Klang V, Valenta C. The role of viscosity on skin penetration from cellulose ether-based hydrogels. Skin Res Technol. 2019;25(5):725-34. doi:10.1111/srt.12709
41. Musfiroh I, Dewanti NI, Perwira AP, Husni P, Tjitraresmi A, Muhtadi A. Studi pelepasan natrium diklofenak dari na-cmc hasil sintesis selulosa eceng gondok menggunakan epiklorohidrin sebagai crosslinker. J Farmasi Galenika. 2018;5(3):103-14.
42. Savjani KT, Gajjar AK, Savjani JK. Drug solubility: importance and enhancement techniques. ISRN Pharm. 2012;2012:195727. doi:10.5402/2012/195727
Authors
1.
Forestryana D, Hayati A, Putri AN. Formulation and Evaluation of Natural Gel Containing Ethanolic Extract of Pandanus amaryllifolius R. Using Various Gelling Agents. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2022Nov.30 [cited 2024Apr.24];5(4):345-56. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/1411
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