Determination of Antiradical Activity, Total Phenolic, and Total Flavonoid Contents of Extracts and Fractions of Langsat (Lansium domesticum Coor.) Seeds
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Submitted
27 June 2020
Published
30 November 2020
Keywords:
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Antiradical, DPPH, Total flavonoid content, Lansium domesticum, Total phenolic content
Abstract
Lansium domesticum Coor. is a fruit species from the Meliaceae family, which is a tropical plant native to Southeast Asia. Local citizens call it langsat, longkong, or duku and have used it as traditional medicine. The seeds of L. domesticum are used as a fever medicine, its bark is used to treat scorpion sting, and its leaves are used to repel mosquitoes. Because of its various uses, it is necessary to explore the antiradical potential of L. domesticum seeds. This study aims to determine the antiradical potential of L. domesticum seeds extract and fractions by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and to discover compounds that act as antiradical. Lansium domesticum seed powder was macerated with methanol, and then the extract was concentrated using a rotary evaporator and fractionated by n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The antiradical assay was conducted on extract and fractions by using DPPH radicals. Phenolic and flavonoid contents from extract and fractions were also tested. The ethyl acetate fraction obtained strong antiradical potential with an IC50 value of 8.938 ± 0.031 µg/mL. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of ethyl acetate fraction were higher with values of 58.25 ± 0.501 mgGAE/g sample and 75.123 ± 0.175 mgQE/g sample, respectively. Correlation of phenolic and flavonoid contents, which inhibited radicals had R2 values of 0.9182 and 0.7658. Ethyl acetate fraction of L. domesticum seeds had very strong antiradical activity. Further isolation is expected to be conducted to discover which compounds are the most responsible as antiradical.
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References
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Jamuna, Paulsamy, S.S., & Karthika, K. (2012). Screening of in vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic leaf and root extracts of Hypochaeris radicata L. (Asteraceae). Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2(7), 149-154. doi:10.7324/JAPS.2012.2722
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Klungsupya, P., Suthepakul, N., Muangman, T., Rerk-Am, U., & Thongdon-A, J. (2015). Determination of Free Radical Scavenging, Antioxidative DNA Damage Activities and Phytochemical Components of Active Fractions from Lansium domesticum Corr. Fruit. Nutrients, 7(8), 6852-6873. doi:10.3390/nu7085312
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Maisuthisakul, P., Suttajit, M., & Pongsawatmanit, R. (2007). Assessment of phenolic content and free radical-scavenging capacity of some Thai indigenous plants. Food Chemistry, 100(4), 1409-1418. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.11.032
Manosroi, A., Chankhampan, C., Manosroi, W., & Manosroi, J. (2013). Anti-proliferative and matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibition of Longkong (Lansium domesticum) extracts on human mouth epidermal carcinoma. Pharmaceutical Biology, 51(10), 1311-1320. doi:10.3109/13880209.2013.790064
Manosroi, A., Jantrawut, P., Sainakham, M., Manosroi, W., & Manosroi, J. (2012). Anticancer activities of the extract from Longkong (Lansium domesticum) young fruits. Pharmaceutical Biology, 50(11), 1397-1407. doi:10.3109/13880209.2012.682116
Mistriyani, Riyanto, S., & Rohman, A. (2018). Antioxidant activities of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L) peel in vitro. Food Research, 2(1), 119-123. doi:10.26656/fr.2017.2(1).150
Molyneux, P. (2004). The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 26(2), 211-219.
Nur, S., Rumiyati, R., & Lukitaningsih, E. (2017). Screening of Antioxidants, Anti-Aging and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities of Ethanolic and Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Fruit Flesh and Fruit Peel Langsat (Lansium domesticum Corr) In Vitro. Majalah Obat Tradisional, 22(1), 63-72. doi:10.22146/tradmedj.24342
de Oliveira, V.S., Ferreira, F.S., Cople, M.C.R., Labre, T.S., Augusta, I.M., Gamallo, O.D., & Saldanha, T. (2018). Use of Natural Antioxidants in the Inhibition of Cholesterol Oxidation: A Review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 17(6), 1465-1483. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12386
Olugbami, J.O., Gbadegesin, M.A., & Odunola, O.A. (2014). In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant potential, phenolic and flavonoid contents of the stem bark ethanol extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 43(Suppl 1), 101-109.
Pandeya, A., Rayamajhi, S., Pokhrel, P., & Giri, B. (2018). Evaluation of secondary metabolites, antioxidant activity, and color parameters of Nepali wines. Food Science and Nutrition, 6(8), 2252-2263. doi:10.1002/fsn3.794
Parthasarathi, S. & Park, Y.K. (2015). Determination of total phenolics, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of different mBHT fractions: A polyherbal medicine. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28(6), 2161-2166.
Pham-Huy, L.A., He, H., & Pham-Huy, C. (2008). Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health. International Journal of Biomedical Science, 4(2), 89-96.
Piluzza, G. & Bullitta, S. (2011). Correlations between phenolic content and antioxidant properties in twenty-four plant species of traditional ethnoveterinary use in the Mediterranean area. Pharmaceutical Biology, 49(3), 240-247. doi:10.3109/13880209.2010.501083
Rohman, A., Riyanto, S., Yuniarti, N., Saputra, W.R., Utami, R., & Mulatsih, W. (2010). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid of extracts and fractions of red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam). International Food Research Journal, 17(1), 97-106.
Saeed, N., Khan, M.R., & Shabbir, M. (2012). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of whole plant extracts Torilis leptophylla L. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12, 221. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-12-221
Saewan, N., Sutherland, J.D., & Chantrapromma, K. (2006). Antimalarial tetranortriterpenoids from the seeds of Lansium domesticum Corr. Phytochemistry, 67(20), 2288-2293. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.07.005
Sannigrahi, S., Mazuder, U.K., Pal, D.K., Parida, S., & Jain, S. (2010). Antioxidant Potential of Crude Extract and Different Fractions of Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 9(1), 75-82.
Saxena, M., Saxena, J., & Pradhan, A. (2012). Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids as Antioxidants in Plants and Human Health. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 16(2), 130-134.
Sulastri, E., Zubair, M.S., Anas, N.I., Abidin, S., Hardani, R., Yulianti, R., & Aliyah. (2018). Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid, Quercetin Content and Antioxidant Activity of Standardized Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaf from Regions with Different Elevation. Pharmacognosy Journal, 10(6s), s104-s108. doi:10.5530/pj.2018.6s.20
Tilaar, K., Junardy, F.D., & Subroto, E. (2018). Safety and Efficacy Evaluation on Combination of Lansium domesticum Fruit Extract and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Flower Extract as Lightening Agent for Cosmetic. International Journal of Pharma Medicine and Biological Sciences, 7(3), 67-70. doi:10.18178/ijpmbs.7.3.67-70
Tilaar, M., Wih, W.L., Ranti, A.S., Wasitaatmadja, S.M., Suryaningsih, Junardy, F.D., & Maily. (2008). Review of Lansium domesticum Corrêa and its use in cosmetics. Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas, 7(4), 183-189.
Trang, D.H.T., Son, H.L., & Trung, P.V. (2018). Investigation on the in vitro antioxidant capacity of methanol extract, fractions and flavones from Oroxylum indicum Linn bark. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 54(1), 1-7. doi:10.1590/s2175-97902018000117178
Yamin, Ruslin, Sartinah, A., Ihsan, S., Kasmawati, H., Suryani, Andriyani, R., Asma, Adjeng, A.N.T., & Arba, M. (2020). Radical scavenging assay and determination Flavonoid and Phenolic total of extract and Fractions of Raghu bark (Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr). Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 13(5), 2335-2339. doi:10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00420.5
Yapp, D.T.T. & Yap, S.Y. (2003). Lansium domesticum: skin and leaf extracts of this fruit tree interrupt the lifecycle of Plasmodium falciparum, and are active towards a chloroquine-resistant strain of the parasite (T9) in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85(1), 145-150. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00375-6
Yokozawa, T., Chen, C.P., Dong, E., Tanaka, T., Nonaka, G.I., & Nishioka, I. (1998). Study on the inhibitory effect of tannins and flavonoids against the 1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl radical. Biochemical Pharmacology, 56(2), 213-222. doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00128-2
Widodo, H., Sismindari, Asmara, W., & Rohman, A. (2020). Antioxidant activities of methanolic extract and its fractions of Baccaurea racemosa and Macaranga subpeltata leaves. Food Research, 4(1), 127-134. doi:10.26656/fr.2017.4(1).144
Aryal, S., Baniya, M.K., Danekhu, K., Kunwar, K., Kunwar, P., Gurung, R., & Koirala, N. (2019). Total Phenolic Content, Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Potential of Wild Vegetables from Western Nepal. Plants, 8(4), 96. doi:10.3390/plants8040096
Brighente, I.M.C., Dias, M., Verdi, L.G., & Pizzolatti, M.G. (2007). Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Some Brazilian Species. Pharmaceutical Biology, 45(2), 156-161. doi:10.1080/13880200601113131
Cao, G., Sofic, E., & Prior, R.L. (1997). Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids: structure-activity relationships. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 22(5), 749-760. doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(96)00351-6
Fitriana, W.D., Ersam, T., Shimizu, K., & Fatmawati, S. (2016). Antioxidant Activity of Moringa oleifera Extracts. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 16(3), 297-301. doi:10.22146/ijc.21145
Jamuna, Paulsamy, S.S., & Karthika, K. (2012). Screening of in vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic leaf and root extracts of Hypochaeris radicata L. (Asteraceae). Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2(7), 149-154. doi:10.7324/JAPS.2012.2722
Javanmardi, J., Stushnoff, C., Locke, E., & Vivanco, J.M. (2003). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Iranian Ocimum accessions. Food Chemistry, 83(4), 547-550. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00151-1
Khoo, H.E., Azlan, A., Kong, K.W., & Ismail, A. (2016). Phytochemicals and Medicinal Properties of Indigenous Tropical Fruits with Potential for Commercial Development. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016, 7591951. doi:10.1155/2016/7591951
Klungsupya, P., Suthepakul, N., Muangman, T., Rerk-Am, U., & Thongdon-A, J. (2015). Determination of Free Radical Scavenging, Antioxidative DNA Damage Activities and Phytochemical Components of Active Fractions from Lansium domesticum Corr. Fruit. Nutrients, 7(8), 6852-6873. doi:10.3390/nu7085312
Koleva, I.I., van Beek, T.A., Linssen, J.P.H., de Groot, A., & Evstatieva, L.N. (2002). Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods. Phytochemical Analysis, 13(1), 8-17. doi:10.1002/pca.611
Maisuthisakul, P., Suttajit, M., & Pongsawatmanit, R. (2007). Assessment of phenolic content and free radical-scavenging capacity of some Thai indigenous plants. Food Chemistry, 100(4), 1409-1418. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.11.032
Manosroi, A., Chankhampan, C., Manosroi, W., & Manosroi, J. (2013). Anti-proliferative and matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibition of Longkong (Lansium domesticum) extracts on human mouth epidermal carcinoma. Pharmaceutical Biology, 51(10), 1311-1320. doi:10.3109/13880209.2013.790064
Manosroi, A., Jantrawut, P., Sainakham, M., Manosroi, W., & Manosroi, J. (2012). Anticancer activities of the extract from Longkong (Lansium domesticum) young fruits. Pharmaceutical Biology, 50(11), 1397-1407. doi:10.3109/13880209.2012.682116
Mistriyani, Riyanto, S., & Rohman, A. (2018). Antioxidant activities of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L) peel in vitro. Food Research, 2(1), 119-123. doi:10.26656/fr.2017.2(1).150
Molyneux, P. (2004). The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 26(2), 211-219.
Nur, S., Rumiyati, R., & Lukitaningsih, E. (2017). Screening of Antioxidants, Anti-Aging and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities of Ethanolic and Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Fruit Flesh and Fruit Peel Langsat (Lansium domesticum Corr) In Vitro. Majalah Obat Tradisional, 22(1), 63-72. doi:10.22146/tradmedj.24342
de Oliveira, V.S., Ferreira, F.S., Cople, M.C.R., Labre, T.S., Augusta, I.M., Gamallo, O.D., & Saldanha, T. (2018). Use of Natural Antioxidants in the Inhibition of Cholesterol Oxidation: A Review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 17(6), 1465-1483. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12386
Olugbami, J.O., Gbadegesin, M.A., & Odunola, O.A. (2014). In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant potential, phenolic and flavonoid contents of the stem bark ethanol extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 43(Suppl 1), 101-109.
Pandeya, A., Rayamajhi, S., Pokhrel, P., & Giri, B. (2018). Evaluation of secondary metabolites, antioxidant activity, and color parameters of Nepali wines. Food Science and Nutrition, 6(8), 2252-2263. doi:10.1002/fsn3.794
Parthasarathi, S. & Park, Y.K. (2015). Determination of total phenolics, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of different mBHT fractions: A polyherbal medicine. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28(6), 2161-2166.
Pham-Huy, L.A., He, H., & Pham-Huy, C. (2008). Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health. International Journal of Biomedical Science, 4(2), 89-96.
Piluzza, G. & Bullitta, S. (2011). Correlations between phenolic content and antioxidant properties in twenty-four plant species of traditional ethnoveterinary use in the Mediterranean area. Pharmaceutical Biology, 49(3), 240-247. doi:10.3109/13880209.2010.501083
Rohman, A., Riyanto, S., Yuniarti, N., Saputra, W.R., Utami, R., & Mulatsih, W. (2010). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid of extracts and fractions of red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam). International Food Research Journal, 17(1), 97-106.
Saeed, N., Khan, M.R., & Shabbir, M. (2012). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of whole plant extracts Torilis leptophylla L. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12, 221. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-12-221
Saewan, N., Sutherland, J.D., & Chantrapromma, K. (2006). Antimalarial tetranortriterpenoids from the seeds of Lansium domesticum Corr. Phytochemistry, 67(20), 2288-2293. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.07.005
Sannigrahi, S., Mazuder, U.K., Pal, D.K., Parida, S., & Jain, S. (2010). Antioxidant Potential of Crude Extract and Different Fractions of Enhydra fluctuans Lour. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 9(1), 75-82.
Saxena, M., Saxena, J., & Pradhan, A. (2012). Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids as Antioxidants in Plants and Human Health. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 16(2), 130-134.
Sulastri, E., Zubair, M.S., Anas, N.I., Abidin, S., Hardani, R., Yulianti, R., & Aliyah. (2018). Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid, Quercetin Content and Antioxidant Activity of Standardized Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaf from Regions with Different Elevation. Pharmacognosy Journal, 10(6s), s104-s108. doi:10.5530/pj.2018.6s.20
Tilaar, K., Junardy, F.D., & Subroto, E. (2018). Safety and Efficacy Evaluation on Combination of Lansium domesticum Fruit Extract and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Flower Extract as Lightening Agent for Cosmetic. International Journal of Pharma Medicine and Biological Sciences, 7(3), 67-70. doi:10.18178/ijpmbs.7.3.67-70
Tilaar, M., Wih, W.L., Ranti, A.S., Wasitaatmadja, S.M., Suryaningsih, Junardy, F.D., & Maily. (2008). Review of Lansium domesticum Corrêa and its use in cosmetics. Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas, 7(4), 183-189.
Trang, D.H.T., Son, H.L., & Trung, P.V. (2018). Investigation on the in vitro antioxidant capacity of methanol extract, fractions and flavones from Oroxylum indicum Linn bark. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 54(1), 1-7. doi:10.1590/s2175-97902018000117178
Yamin, Ruslin, Sartinah, A., Ihsan, S., Kasmawati, H., Suryani, Andriyani, R., Asma, Adjeng, A.N.T., & Arba, M. (2020). Radical scavenging assay and determination Flavonoid and Phenolic total of extract and Fractions of Raghu bark (Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr). Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 13(5), 2335-2339. doi:10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00420.5
Yapp, D.T.T. & Yap, S.Y. (2003). Lansium domesticum: skin and leaf extracts of this fruit tree interrupt the lifecycle of Plasmodium falciparum, and are active towards a chloroquine-resistant strain of the parasite (T9) in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85(1), 145-150. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00375-6
Yokozawa, T., Chen, C.P., Dong, E., Tanaka, T., Nonaka, G.I., & Nishioka, I. (1998). Study on the inhibitory effect of tannins and flavonoids against the 1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl radical. Biochemical Pharmacology, 56(2), 213-222. doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00128-2
Widodo, H., Sismindari, Asmara, W., & Rohman, A. (2020). Antioxidant activities of methanolic extract and its fractions of Baccaurea racemosa and Macaranga subpeltata leaves. Food Research, 4(1), 127-134. doi:10.26656/fr.2017.4(1).144
Authors
1.
Yamin Y, Ruslin R, Sabarudin S, Sida NA, Kasmawati H, Diman LOM. Determination of Antiradical Activity, Total Phenolic, and Total Flavonoid Contents of Extracts and Fractions of Langsat (Lansium domesticum Coor.) Seeds. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2020Nov.30 [cited 2024Nov.5];3(4):249-56. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/1500
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