Formulation and Antibacterial Activity of Liquid Soap Containing Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) Leaves Extract
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Submitted
19 August 2020
19 August 2020
Published
28 February 2021
28 February 2021
Abstract
Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) is traditionally used by the community to treat the skin's infections caused by bacteria or fungi. In this study, T. catappa leaves extract was added to the liquid soap formula as an antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to determine the secondary metabolite compounds contained in T. catappa leaves extract, physical evaluation of the preparation, and antibacterial activity of liquid soap. Liquid soap formula was made with various concentrations of T. catappa leaves extract F0 (0%), F1 (1%), F2 (2%), and F3 (3%). The resulting soap was evaluated for organoleptic, pH, high foam, homogeneity, irritation, and its activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Escherichia coli using the disc diffusion method. The results showed that the T. catappa leaves extract contained flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. The liquid soap formula F0 was clear, while F1, F2, and F3 had the characteristics of brown-dark brown, homogeneous, pH between 4.6-5.2, foam stability between 67-72%, which was not significantly different and stable after five minutes of testing, and it did not irritate the skin. Terminalia catappa leaves extracts liquid soap has antibacterial activity at a concentration of 1%, 2%, and 3%, with the largest inhibition zone diameter produced by S. aureus.
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References
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17. Istarina D, Khotimah S, Turnip M. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Metanol Buah Ketapang (Terminalia catappa Linn.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus epidermidis Dan Salmonella typhi. Protobiont Jurnal Elektronik Biologi. 2015;4(3):98-102. doi:10.26418/protobiont.v4i3.13321
18. Katiki LM, Gomes ACP, Barbieri AME, Pacheco PA, Rodrigues L, Verissimo CJ, et al. Terminalia catappa: Chemical composition, in vitro and in vivo effects on Haemonchus contortus. Ver Parasitol. 2017;246:118-23. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.09.006
19. Sumino, Supriyadi A, Wardiyanto. The Effectiviness of Ketapang (Terminalia cattapa L.) Leave Extract for the Treatment of Aeromonas salmonicida Infection in Catfish (Pangasioniodon hypophthalmus). Jurnal Sain Veteriner. 2013;13(1):79-88. doi:10.22146/jsv.3503
20. Nugroho RA, Manurung H, Nur FM, Prahastika W. Terminalia catappa L. extract improves survival, hematological profile and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Betta sp. Arch Polish Fish. 2017;25(2):103-15. doi:10.1515/aopf-2017-0010
21. Hardhiko RS, Suganda AG, Sukandar EY. Aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak etanol, ekstrak air daun yang dipetik dan daun gugur pohon ketapang (Terminalia cattapa L.). Acta Pharm Indones. 2004;29:129-33.
22. Haro G, Iksen I, Rumanti RM, Marbun N, Sari RP, Gultom RPJ. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Minerals Value from Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.). Rasayan J Chem. 2018;11(1):232-7. doi:10.7324/RJC.2018.1112011
23. Syahrina S, Asfianti V, Gurning K, Iksen I. Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Hyperuricemia Activity Test In Vivo of Ethanolic Extract of Shallot (Allium cepa L.) Skin. Borneo J Pharn. 2020;3(3):146-51. doi:10.33084/bjop.v3i3.1365
24. Muthmainnah R, Rubiyanto D, Julianto TS. Formulasi Sabun Cair Berbahan Aktif Minyak Kemangi Sebagai Antibakteri Dan Pengujian Terhadap Staphylococcus Aureus. IJCR Indones J Chem Res. 2014;1(2):44-50. doi:10.20885/ijcr.vol1.iss2.art6
25. Sasongko H, Mumpuni AS. Pengaruh penambahan sukrosa terhadap mutu sabun transparan dari ekstrak etanol herba pegagan (Centella asiatica L.). Pharmaciana. 2017;7(1):71-8. doi:10.12928/pharmaciana.v7i1.5795
26. Anggraeni Y, Nisa’ F, Bertha OS. Karakteristik Fisik dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Sabun Cair Minyak Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) yang Berbasis Surfaktan Sodium Lauril Eter Sulfat. Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia. 2020;10(1):1-10. doi:10.22435/jki.v10i1.499
27. Abu FA, Yusriadi, Tandah MR. Formulasi Sediaan Sabun Cair Antibakteri Minyak Atsiri Daun Kemangi (Ocimumamericanum L.) dan Uji Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal Farmasi Galenika Galenika J Pharm. 2015;1(1):1-8. doi:10.22487/j24428744.2015.v1.i1.4835
28. Sampaio BL, Edrada-Eel R, Da Costa FB. Effect of the environment on the secondary metabolic profile of Tithonia diversifolia: a model for environmental metabolomics of plants. Sci Rep. 2016;6:29265. doi:10.1038/srep29265
29. Badan Standarisasi Nasional. Sediaan Sabun Cair. SNI 4085:2017. Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan Standarisasi Nasional; 2017.
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31. Balouiri M, Sadiki M, Ibnsouda SK. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J Pharm Anal. 2016;6(2):71-9. doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005
32. Zeniusa P, Ramadhan MR, Nasution SH, Karima N. Uji Daya Hambat Ekstrak Etanol Teh Hijau Terhadap Escherichia Coli Secara In Vitro. Med J Lampung Univ Majority. 2019;8(2):136-43.
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Read More
2. Burton M, Cobb E, Donarchie P, Judah G, Curtis V, Schmidt WP. The Effect of Handwashing with Water or Soap on Bacterial Contamination of Hands. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8(1):97-104. doi:10.3390/ijerph8010097
3. Jing JLJ, Yi TP, Bose RJC, McCarthy JR, Tharmalingam N, Madheswaran T. Hand Sanitizers: A Review on Formulation Aspects, Adverse Effects, and Regulations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3326. doi:10.3390/ijerph17093326
4. Weatherly LM, Gosse JA. Triclosan Exposure, Transformation, and Human Health Effects. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2017;20(8):447-69. doi:10.1080/10937404.2017.1399306
5. Allyn OQ, Kusumawati E, Nugroho RA. Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia catappa brown leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. F1000Res. 2018;7:1406. doi:10.12688/f1000research.15998.1
6. Anand AV, Divya N, Kotti PP. An updated review of Terminalia catappa. Pharmacogn Rev. 2015;9(18):93-8. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.162103
7. Silva LP, de Angelis CD, Bonamin F, Kushima H, Mininel FJ, Dos Santos LC, et al. Terminalia catappa L.: a medicinal plant from the Caribbean pharmacopeia with anti-Helicobacter pylori and antiulcer action in experimental rodent models. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;159:285-95. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.025
8. Nair R, Chanda S. Antimicrobial Activity of Terminalia catappa, Manilkara zapota and Piper betel Leaf Extract. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008;70(3):390-3. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.43012
9. Ng S, Lasekan O, Muhammad KS, Hussain N, Sulaiman R. Physicochemical properties of Malaysian-grown tropical almond nuts (Terminalia catappa). J Food Sci Technol. 2015;52(10):6623-30. doi:10.1007/s13197-015-1737-z
10. Terças AG, Monteiro ADZ, Moffa EB, Dos Santos JRA, de Sousa EM, Pinto ARB, et al. Phytochemical Characterization of Terminalia catappa Linn. Extracts and Their antifungal Activities against Candida spp. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:595. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00595
11. Tampemawa PV, Pelealu JJ, Kandou FEF. Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) Terhadap Bakteri Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Pharmacon. 2016;5(1):308-20. doi:10.35799/pha.5.2016.11324
12. Widyaningsih S, Chasani M, Diastuti H, Fredyono WN. Liquid Soap from Nyamplung Seed Oil (Calophyllum inophyllum L) with Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L) as Antioxidant and Cardamom (Amomum compactum) as Fragrance. Molekul. 2018;13(2):172-9. doi:10.20884/1.jm.2018.13.2.461
13. Divya N, Rengajaran RL, Radhakrishnan R, Allah EFA, Alqarawi AA, Hashem A, et al. Phytotherapeutic efficacy of the medicinal plant Terminalia catappa L. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2019;26(5):985-8. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.12.010
14. Chanda S, Rakholiya K, Nair R. Antimicrobial Activity of Terminalia catappa L. Leaf Extracts against Some Clinically Important Pathogenic Microbial Strains. Chin Med. 2011;2(4):171-7. doi:10.4236/cm.2011.24027
15. Cock IE, Van Vuuren SF. A comparison of the antimicrobial activity and toxicity of six combretum and two terminalia species from southern Africa. Pharmacogn Mag. 2015;11(41):208-18. doi:10.4103/0973-1296.149740
16. Riskitavani DV, Purwani KI. Studi Potensi Bioherbisida Ekstrak Daun Ketapang (Terminalia catappa) terhadap Gulma Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus). Jurnal Sains dan Seni ITS. 2013;2(2):E59-63. doi:10.12962/j23373520.v2i2.3593
17. Istarina D, Khotimah S, Turnip M. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Metanol Buah Ketapang (Terminalia catappa Linn.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus epidermidis Dan Salmonella typhi. Protobiont Jurnal Elektronik Biologi. 2015;4(3):98-102. doi:10.26418/protobiont.v4i3.13321
18. Katiki LM, Gomes ACP, Barbieri AME, Pacheco PA, Rodrigues L, Verissimo CJ, et al. Terminalia catappa: Chemical composition, in vitro and in vivo effects on Haemonchus contortus. Ver Parasitol. 2017;246:118-23. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.09.006
19. Sumino, Supriyadi A, Wardiyanto. The Effectiviness of Ketapang (Terminalia cattapa L.) Leave Extract for the Treatment of Aeromonas salmonicida Infection in Catfish (Pangasioniodon hypophthalmus). Jurnal Sain Veteriner. 2013;13(1):79-88. doi:10.22146/jsv.3503
20. Nugroho RA, Manurung H, Nur FM, Prahastika W. Terminalia catappa L. extract improves survival, hematological profile and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Betta sp. Arch Polish Fish. 2017;25(2):103-15. doi:10.1515/aopf-2017-0010
21. Hardhiko RS, Suganda AG, Sukandar EY. Aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak etanol, ekstrak air daun yang dipetik dan daun gugur pohon ketapang (Terminalia cattapa L.). Acta Pharm Indones. 2004;29:129-33.
22. Haro G, Iksen I, Rumanti RM, Marbun N, Sari RP, Gultom RPJ. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Minerals Value from Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.). Rasayan J Chem. 2018;11(1):232-7. doi:10.7324/RJC.2018.1112011
23. Syahrina S, Asfianti V, Gurning K, Iksen I. Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Hyperuricemia Activity Test In Vivo of Ethanolic Extract of Shallot (Allium cepa L.) Skin. Borneo J Pharn. 2020;3(3):146-51. doi:10.33084/bjop.v3i3.1365
24. Muthmainnah R, Rubiyanto D, Julianto TS. Formulasi Sabun Cair Berbahan Aktif Minyak Kemangi Sebagai Antibakteri Dan Pengujian Terhadap Staphylococcus Aureus. IJCR Indones J Chem Res. 2014;1(2):44-50. doi:10.20885/ijcr.vol1.iss2.art6
25. Sasongko H, Mumpuni AS. Pengaruh penambahan sukrosa terhadap mutu sabun transparan dari ekstrak etanol herba pegagan (Centella asiatica L.). Pharmaciana. 2017;7(1):71-8. doi:10.12928/pharmaciana.v7i1.5795
26. Anggraeni Y, Nisa’ F, Bertha OS. Karakteristik Fisik dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Sabun Cair Minyak Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) yang Berbasis Surfaktan Sodium Lauril Eter Sulfat. Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia. 2020;10(1):1-10. doi:10.22435/jki.v10i1.499
27. Abu FA, Yusriadi, Tandah MR. Formulasi Sediaan Sabun Cair Antibakteri Minyak Atsiri Daun Kemangi (Ocimumamericanum L.) dan Uji Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal Farmasi Galenika Galenika J Pharm. 2015;1(1):1-8. doi:10.22487/j24428744.2015.v1.i1.4835
28. Sampaio BL, Edrada-Eel R, Da Costa FB. Effect of the environment on the secondary metabolic profile of Tithonia diversifolia: a model for environmental metabolomics of plants. Sci Rep. 2016;6:29265. doi:10.1038/srep29265
29. Badan Standarisasi Nasional. Sediaan Sabun Cair. SNI 4085:2017. Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan Standarisasi Nasional; 2017.
30. Saputra SA, Lailiyah M, Erivina A. Formulasi Dan Uji Aktivitas Anti Bakteri Masker Gel Peel-Off Ekstrak Daun Pacar Air (Impatiens balsamina linn.) Dengan Kombinasi Basis PVA dan HPMC. Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia. 2019;1(2):114-22. doi:10.33759/jrki.v1i2.20
31. Balouiri M, Sadiki M, Ibnsouda SK. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J Pharm Anal. 2016;6(2):71-9. doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005
32. Zeniusa P, Ramadhan MR, Nasution SH, Karima N. Uji Daya Hambat Ekstrak Etanol Teh Hijau Terhadap Escherichia Coli Secara In Vitro. Med J Lampung Univ Majority. 2019;8(2):136-43.
33. Davis WW, Stout TR. Disc Plate Method of Microbiological Antibiotic Assay: I. Factors Influencing Variability and Error. Appl Microbiol. 1971,22(4):659-65.
34. Otto M. Staphylococcus epidermidis – the “accidental” pathogen. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7(8):555-67. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2182
Authors
1.
Dewi AP, Mardhiyani D. Formulation and Antibacterial Activity of Liquid Soap Containing Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) Leaves Extract. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2021Feb.28 [cited 2025Apr.16];4(1):43-50. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/1589
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