Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Sempur (Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli) Leaves against Pathogenic Microorganisms
Article Sidebar
Submitted
4 December 2020
4 December 2020
Published
30 May 2021
30 May 2021
Abstract
Sempur (Dillenia suffruticosa) leaves are known as a traditional medicine for the people of Bangka-Belitung Island. The local people empirically utilize the boiled water of D. suffruticosa leaves as anti-diarrhea. However, the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves has not been reported. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves against several microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus as Gram-positive bacteria, Escherichia coli as Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans as fungi. Extraction was carried out by maceration method with 70% ethanol, then screened for phytochemical constituents. The antimicrobial test was carried out by the disc diffusion method using Nutrient Agar (NA) for bacteria, and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) for fungi. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The antimicrobial test showed that the extract of D. suffruticosa leaves could inhibit the growth of S. aureus at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 40% were 8.35±0.05; 9.34±0.32; and 10.52±0.22, respectively. The ethanol extract of D. suffruticosa leaves could inhibit the growth of S. aureus, whereas E. coli and C. albicans did not show any activity.
Full text article
Generated from XML file
References
1. von Rintelen K, Arida E, Häuser C. A review of biodiversity-related issues and challenges in megadiverse Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries. Res Ideas Outcomes. 2017;3:e20860. doi:10.3897/rio.3.e20860
2. Condro AA, Prasetyo LB, Rushayati SB, Santikayasa IP, Iskandar E. Predicting Hotspots and Prioritizing Protected Areas for Endangered Primate Species in Indonesia under Changing Climate. Biology. 2021;10(2):154. doi:10.3390/biology10020154
3. Jadid N, Kurniawan E, Himayani CES, Prasetyowati I, Purwani KI, Muslihatin W, et al. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Tengger tribe in Ngadisari village, Indonesia. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0235886. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235886
4. Yazan LS, Armania N. Dillenia species: A review of the traditional uses, active constituents and pharmacological properties from pre-clinical studies. Pharm Biol. 2014;52(7):890-7. doi:10.3109/13880209.2013.872672
5. DeFilipps RA, Krupnick GA. The medicinal plants of Myanmar. PhtoKeys. 2018;102:1-341. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380
6. Sabandar CW, Jalil J, Ahmat N, Aladdin NA. Medicinal uses, chemistry and pharmacology of Dillenia species (Dilleniaceae). Phytochemistry. 2017;134:6-25. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.11.010
7. Lima CC, Lemos RPL, Conserva LM. Dilleniaceae family: an overview of its ethnomedicinal uses, biological and phytochemical profile. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2014;3(2):181-204.
8. Muliawan SY. Effect of Dillenia suffruticosa extract on dengue virus type 2 replication. Univ Med. 2008;27(1):1-5. doi:10.18051/UnivMed.2008.v27.1-5
9. Goh MPY, Basri AM, Yasin H, Taha H, Ahmad N. Ethnobotanical review and pharmacological properties of selected medicinal plants in Brunei Darussalam: Litsea elliptica, Dillenia suffruticosa, Dillenia excelsa, Aidia racemosa, Vitex pinnata and Senna alata. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2017;7(2):173-80. doi:10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.11.026
10. Yuningtyas S, Roswiem AP, Erfina. Aktivitas Inhibisi α-Glukosidase dari Ekstrak Air dan Etanol Daun Simpur Air (Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli). Jurnal Farmamedika (Pharmamedica Journal). 2018;3(1):21-6. doi:10.47219/ath.v3i1.23
11. Yakop F, Hamid MHSA, Ahmad N, Majid MA, Pillai MK, Taha H. Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Extracts And Fractions of Dillenia suffruticosa Leaves. Malays Appl Biol. 2020;49(1):121-30.
12. Wiart C, Mogana S, Khalifah S, Mahan M, Ismail S, Buckle M, et al. Antimicrobial screening of plants used for traditional medicine in the state of Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Fitoterapia. 2004;75(1):68-73. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2003.07.013
13. Johnny L, Yusuf UK, Nulit R. The effect of herbal plant extracts on the growth and sporulation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J Appl Biosci. 2010;34:2218-24.
14. Joshi DR, Adhikari N. An Overview on Common Organic Solvents and Their Toxicity. J Pharm Res Int. 2019;28(3):1-18. doi:10.9734/jpri/2019/v28i330203
15. Putra AYT, Supriyadi, Santoso U. Skrining Fitokimia Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Simpor (Dillenia Suffruticosa). JITIPARI (Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi dan Industri Pangan UNISRI). 2019;4(1):36-40. doi:10.33061/jitipari.v4i1.3017
16. Makanjuola SA. Influence of particle size and extraction solvent on antioxidant properties of extracts of tea, ginger, and tea–ginger blend. Food Sci Nutr. 2017;5(6):1179-85. doi:10.1002/fsn3.509
17. Mahato N, Sinha M, Sharma K, Koteswararao R, Cho MH. Modern Extraction and Purification Techniques for Obtaining High Purity Food-Grade Bioactive Compounds and Value-Added Co-Products from Citrus Wastes. Foods. 2019;8(11):523. doi:10.3390/foods8110523
18. Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson DG, Lighfoot DA. Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants. 2017;6(4):42. doi:10.3390/plants6040042
19. Doss A. Preliminary phytochemical screening of some Indian Medicinal Plants. Anc Sci Life. 2009;29(2):12-6.
20. Nassar MSM, Hazzah WA, Bakr WMK. Evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility test results: how guilty a laboratory could be? J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2019;94:4. doi:10.1186/s42506-018-0006-1
21. Rachmatiah T, Syafriana V, Elfira L. Aktivitas Daya Hambat Minyak Atsiri dan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) Terhadap Candida albicans. Sainstech Farma Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2018;11(2):1-4. doi:10.37277/sfj.v11i2.387
22. Syafriana V, Rachmatiah T, Utama NW. Antibacterial Activity of Methanol Extract of Meranti Sarang Punai Cortex (Shorea parvifolia Dyer) against Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes. Jurnal Farmasi Udayana. 2020;9(Special Issue):160-70. doi:10.24843/JFU.2020.v09.i03.p04
23. Syafriana V, Hamida F, Sukamto AR, Aliya LS. Resistensi Escherichia coli dari Air Danau ISTN Jakarta Terhadap Antibiotik Amoksisilin, Tetrasiklin, Kloramfenikol, dan Siprofloksasin. Sainstech Farma Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2020;13(2):92-8. doi:10.37277/sfj.v13i2.761
24. Colvin DM. A Review on Comparison of the Extraction Methods Used in Licorice Root: Their Principle, Strength and Limitation. Med Aromat Plants. 2018;7(6):1000323. doi:10.4172/2167-0412.1000323
25. Abubakar S, Al-Mansoub MA, Murugaiyah V, Chan KL. The phytochemical and anti-inflammatory studies of Dillenia suffruticosa leaves. Phytother Res. 2019;33(3):660-75. doi:10.1002/ptr.6255
26. Shah MD, Seelan JSS, Iqbal M. Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activities of methanol extract, methanol fractions and essential oil of Dillenia suffruticosa leaves. Arab J Chem. 2020;13(9):7170-82. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.07.022
27. Priamsari MR, Susanti MM, Atmaja AH. Pengaruh Metode Pengeringan Terhadap Kualitas Ekstrak dan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanolik Daun Sambung Nyawa (Gynura Procumbens (Lour.) Merr.). Jurnal Farmasi (J Pharm). 2016;5(1):29-33. doi:10.37013/jf.v5i1.32
28. Rivai H, Nurdin H, Suyani H, Bakhtiar A. Effects of Drying Methods in Gaining of Extractive, Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in Gynura pseudochina (Lour.). Majalah Obat Tradisional. 2010;15(1):26-33. doi:10.22146/tradmedj.8065
29. Luliana S, Purwanti NU, Manihurul KN. Pengaruh Cara Pengeringan Simplisia Daun Senggani (Melastoma malabathricum L.) Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Menggunakan Metode DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil). Pharm Sci Res. 2016;3(3):120-9. doi:10.7454/psr.v3i3.3291
30. Truong DH, Nguyen DH, Ta NTA, Bui AV, Do TH, Nguyen HC. Evaluation of the Use of Different Solvents for Phytochemical Constituents, Antioxidants, and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Severinia buxifolia. J Food Qual. 2019;2019:8178294. doi:10.1155/2019/8178294
31. Jovanović A, Petrović P, Đorđević V, Zdunić G, Šavikin K, Bugarski B. Polyphenols Extraction from Plant Sources. Lekovite Sirovine. 2017;37:45-9. doi:10.5937/leksir1737045J
32. Zhang QW, Lin LG, Ye WC. Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: a comprehensive review. Chin Med. 2018;13:20. doi:10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x
33. Hasnaeni H, Wisdawati W, Usman S. Pengaruh Metode Ekstraksi Terhadap Rendemen Dan Kadar Fenolik Ekstrak Tanaman Kayu Beta-Beta (Lunasia amara Blanco). Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika J Pharm). 2019;5(2):175-82. doi:10.22487/j24428744.2019.v5.i2.13599
34. Noviyanty A, Syamsiar S, Salingkat CA. Pengaruh Jenis Pelarut Terhadap Ekstraksi Dari Kulit Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhizus). KOVALEN Jurnal Riset Kimia. 2019;5(3):271-9. doi:10.22487/kovalen.2019.v5.i3.14037
35. Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, et al. Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review. Biotechnol Adv. 2015;33(8):1582-614. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001
36. Sadeek AMM, Abdallah M. Phytochemical Compounds as Antibacterial Agents A Mini Review. Glob J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2019;7(4):131-6. doi:10.19080/GJPPS.2019.07.555720
37. Thouri A, Chahdoura H, Arem AE, Hichri AO, Hassin RB, Achour L. Effect of solvents extraction on phytochemical components and biological activities of Tunisian date seeds (var. Korkobbi and Arechti). BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17:248. doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1751-y
38. Bahrami Y, Franco CMM. Acetylated Triterpene Glycosides and Their Biological Activity from Holothuroidea Reported in the Past Six Decades. Mar Drugs. 2016;14(8):147. doi:10.3390/md14080147
39. Surbakti PAA, De Queloe E, Boddhi W. Skrining Fitokimia Dan Uji Toksisitas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Binahong (Andredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) dengan Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Pharmacon. 2018;7(3):22-31. doi:10.35799/pha.7.2018.20112
40. Verma N, Shukla S. Impact of various factors responsible for fluctuation in plant secondary metabolites. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants. 2015;2(4):105-13. doi:10.1016/j.jarmap.2015.09.002
41. Dafale NA, Semwal UP, Rajput RK, Singh GN. Selection of appropriate analytical tools to determine the potency and bioactivity of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. J Pharm Anal. 2016;6(4):207-13. doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2016.05.006
42. Syafriana V, Hamida F, Damayanti R, Nanda EV. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Biji Anggur (Vitis vinifera L.) terhadap Streptococcus pyogenes. Sainstech Farma Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2020;13(1):40-4. doi:10.37277/sfj.v13i1.523
43. Khameneh B, Iranshahy M, Soheili V, Bazzaz BSF. Review on plant antimicrobials: a mechanistic viewpoint. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:118. doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0559-6
44. Górniak I, Bartoszewski R, Króliczewski J. Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids. Phytochem Rev. 2019;18:241-72. doi:10.1007/s11101-018-9591-z
45. Othman L, Sleiman A, Abdel-Massih RM. Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenols and Alkaloids in Middle Eastern Plants. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:911. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00911
46. Breijyeh Z, Jubeh B, Karaman R. Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Approaches to Resolve It. Molecules. 2020;25(6):1340. doi:10.3390/molecules25061340
47. Exner M, Bhattacharya S, Christiansen B, Gebel J, Goroncy-Bermes P, Hartemann P, et al. Antibiotic resistance: What is so special about multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria? GMS Hyg Infect Control. 2017;12:Doc05. doi:10.3205/dgkh000290
48. Vila J, Sáez-López E, Johnson JR, Römling U, Dobrindt U, Cantón R, et al. Escherichia coli: an old friend with new tidings. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2016;40(4):437-63. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuw005
49. Garcia-Rubio R, de Oliveira HC, Rivera J, Trevijano-Contador N. The Fungal Cell Wall: Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus Species. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2993. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02993
50. Malanovic N, Lohner K. Gram-positive bacterial cell envelopes: The impact on the activity of antimicrobial peptides. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016;1858(5):936-46. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.11.004
51. Lima SL, Colombo AL, Junior JNdA. Fungal Cell Wall: Emerging Antifungals and Drug Resistance. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2573. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02573
Read More
2. Condro AA, Prasetyo LB, Rushayati SB, Santikayasa IP, Iskandar E. Predicting Hotspots and Prioritizing Protected Areas for Endangered Primate Species in Indonesia under Changing Climate. Biology. 2021;10(2):154. doi:10.3390/biology10020154
3. Jadid N, Kurniawan E, Himayani CES, Prasetyowati I, Purwani KI, Muslihatin W, et al. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Tengger tribe in Ngadisari village, Indonesia. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0235886. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235886
4. Yazan LS, Armania N. Dillenia species: A review of the traditional uses, active constituents and pharmacological properties from pre-clinical studies. Pharm Biol. 2014;52(7):890-7. doi:10.3109/13880209.2013.872672
5. DeFilipps RA, Krupnick GA. The medicinal plants of Myanmar. PhtoKeys. 2018;102:1-341. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380
6. Sabandar CW, Jalil J, Ahmat N, Aladdin NA. Medicinal uses, chemistry and pharmacology of Dillenia species (Dilleniaceae). Phytochemistry. 2017;134:6-25. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.11.010
7. Lima CC, Lemos RPL, Conserva LM. Dilleniaceae family: an overview of its ethnomedicinal uses, biological and phytochemical profile. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2014;3(2):181-204.
8. Muliawan SY. Effect of Dillenia suffruticosa extract on dengue virus type 2 replication. Univ Med. 2008;27(1):1-5. doi:10.18051/UnivMed.2008.v27.1-5
9. Goh MPY, Basri AM, Yasin H, Taha H, Ahmad N. Ethnobotanical review and pharmacological properties of selected medicinal plants in Brunei Darussalam: Litsea elliptica, Dillenia suffruticosa, Dillenia excelsa, Aidia racemosa, Vitex pinnata and Senna alata. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2017;7(2):173-80. doi:10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.11.026
10. Yuningtyas S, Roswiem AP, Erfina. Aktivitas Inhibisi α-Glukosidase dari Ekstrak Air dan Etanol Daun Simpur Air (Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli). Jurnal Farmamedika (Pharmamedica Journal). 2018;3(1):21-6. doi:10.47219/ath.v3i1.23
11. Yakop F, Hamid MHSA, Ahmad N, Majid MA, Pillai MK, Taha H. Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Extracts And Fractions of Dillenia suffruticosa Leaves. Malays Appl Biol. 2020;49(1):121-30.
12. Wiart C, Mogana S, Khalifah S, Mahan M, Ismail S, Buckle M, et al. Antimicrobial screening of plants used for traditional medicine in the state of Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Fitoterapia. 2004;75(1):68-73. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2003.07.013
13. Johnny L, Yusuf UK, Nulit R. The effect of herbal plant extracts on the growth and sporulation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. J Appl Biosci. 2010;34:2218-24.
14. Joshi DR, Adhikari N. An Overview on Common Organic Solvents and Their Toxicity. J Pharm Res Int. 2019;28(3):1-18. doi:10.9734/jpri/2019/v28i330203
15. Putra AYT, Supriyadi, Santoso U. Skrining Fitokimia Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Simpor (Dillenia Suffruticosa). JITIPARI (Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi dan Industri Pangan UNISRI). 2019;4(1):36-40. doi:10.33061/jitipari.v4i1.3017
16. Makanjuola SA. Influence of particle size and extraction solvent on antioxidant properties of extracts of tea, ginger, and tea–ginger blend. Food Sci Nutr. 2017;5(6):1179-85. doi:10.1002/fsn3.509
17. Mahato N, Sinha M, Sharma K, Koteswararao R, Cho MH. Modern Extraction and Purification Techniques for Obtaining High Purity Food-Grade Bioactive Compounds and Value-Added Co-Products from Citrus Wastes. Foods. 2019;8(11):523. doi:10.3390/foods8110523
18. Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson DG, Lighfoot DA. Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants. 2017;6(4):42. doi:10.3390/plants6040042
19. Doss A. Preliminary phytochemical screening of some Indian Medicinal Plants. Anc Sci Life. 2009;29(2):12-6.
20. Nassar MSM, Hazzah WA, Bakr WMK. Evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility test results: how guilty a laboratory could be? J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2019;94:4. doi:10.1186/s42506-018-0006-1
21. Rachmatiah T, Syafriana V, Elfira L. Aktivitas Daya Hambat Minyak Atsiri dan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) Terhadap Candida albicans. Sainstech Farma Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2018;11(2):1-4. doi:10.37277/sfj.v11i2.387
22. Syafriana V, Rachmatiah T, Utama NW. Antibacterial Activity of Methanol Extract of Meranti Sarang Punai Cortex (Shorea parvifolia Dyer) against Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes. Jurnal Farmasi Udayana. 2020;9(Special Issue):160-70. doi:10.24843/JFU.2020.v09.i03.p04
23. Syafriana V, Hamida F, Sukamto AR, Aliya LS. Resistensi Escherichia coli dari Air Danau ISTN Jakarta Terhadap Antibiotik Amoksisilin, Tetrasiklin, Kloramfenikol, dan Siprofloksasin. Sainstech Farma Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2020;13(2):92-8. doi:10.37277/sfj.v13i2.761
24. Colvin DM. A Review on Comparison of the Extraction Methods Used in Licorice Root: Their Principle, Strength and Limitation. Med Aromat Plants. 2018;7(6):1000323. doi:10.4172/2167-0412.1000323
25. Abubakar S, Al-Mansoub MA, Murugaiyah V, Chan KL. The phytochemical and anti-inflammatory studies of Dillenia suffruticosa leaves. Phytother Res. 2019;33(3):660-75. doi:10.1002/ptr.6255
26. Shah MD, Seelan JSS, Iqbal M. Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activities of methanol extract, methanol fractions and essential oil of Dillenia suffruticosa leaves. Arab J Chem. 2020;13(9):7170-82. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.07.022
27. Priamsari MR, Susanti MM, Atmaja AH. Pengaruh Metode Pengeringan Terhadap Kualitas Ekstrak dan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanolik Daun Sambung Nyawa (Gynura Procumbens (Lour.) Merr.). Jurnal Farmasi (J Pharm). 2016;5(1):29-33. doi:10.37013/jf.v5i1.32
28. Rivai H, Nurdin H, Suyani H, Bakhtiar A. Effects of Drying Methods in Gaining of Extractive, Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in Gynura pseudochina (Lour.). Majalah Obat Tradisional. 2010;15(1):26-33. doi:10.22146/tradmedj.8065
29. Luliana S, Purwanti NU, Manihurul KN. Pengaruh Cara Pengeringan Simplisia Daun Senggani (Melastoma malabathricum L.) Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Menggunakan Metode DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil). Pharm Sci Res. 2016;3(3):120-9. doi:10.7454/psr.v3i3.3291
30. Truong DH, Nguyen DH, Ta NTA, Bui AV, Do TH, Nguyen HC. Evaluation of the Use of Different Solvents for Phytochemical Constituents, Antioxidants, and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Severinia buxifolia. J Food Qual. 2019;2019:8178294. doi:10.1155/2019/8178294
31. Jovanović A, Petrović P, Đorđević V, Zdunić G, Šavikin K, Bugarski B. Polyphenols Extraction from Plant Sources. Lekovite Sirovine. 2017;37:45-9. doi:10.5937/leksir1737045J
32. Zhang QW, Lin LG, Ye WC. Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: a comprehensive review. Chin Med. 2018;13:20. doi:10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x
33. Hasnaeni H, Wisdawati W, Usman S. Pengaruh Metode Ekstraksi Terhadap Rendemen Dan Kadar Fenolik Ekstrak Tanaman Kayu Beta-Beta (Lunasia amara Blanco). Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika J Pharm). 2019;5(2):175-82. doi:10.22487/j24428744.2019.v5.i2.13599
34. Noviyanty A, Syamsiar S, Salingkat CA. Pengaruh Jenis Pelarut Terhadap Ekstraksi Dari Kulit Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhizus). KOVALEN Jurnal Riset Kimia. 2019;5(3):271-9. doi:10.22487/kovalen.2019.v5.i3.14037
35. Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, et al. Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review. Biotechnol Adv. 2015;33(8):1582-614. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001
36. Sadeek AMM, Abdallah M. Phytochemical Compounds as Antibacterial Agents A Mini Review. Glob J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2019;7(4):131-6. doi:10.19080/GJPPS.2019.07.555720
37. Thouri A, Chahdoura H, Arem AE, Hichri AO, Hassin RB, Achour L. Effect of solvents extraction on phytochemical components and biological activities of Tunisian date seeds (var. Korkobbi and Arechti). BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17:248. doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1751-y
38. Bahrami Y, Franco CMM. Acetylated Triterpene Glycosides and Their Biological Activity from Holothuroidea Reported in the Past Six Decades. Mar Drugs. 2016;14(8):147. doi:10.3390/md14080147
39. Surbakti PAA, De Queloe E, Boddhi W. Skrining Fitokimia Dan Uji Toksisitas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Binahong (Andredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) dengan Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Pharmacon. 2018;7(3):22-31. doi:10.35799/pha.7.2018.20112
40. Verma N, Shukla S. Impact of various factors responsible for fluctuation in plant secondary metabolites. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants. 2015;2(4):105-13. doi:10.1016/j.jarmap.2015.09.002
41. Dafale NA, Semwal UP, Rajput RK, Singh GN. Selection of appropriate analytical tools to determine the potency and bioactivity of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. J Pharm Anal. 2016;6(4):207-13. doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2016.05.006
42. Syafriana V, Hamida F, Damayanti R, Nanda EV. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Biji Anggur (Vitis vinifera L.) terhadap Streptococcus pyogenes. Sainstech Farma Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2020;13(1):40-4. doi:10.37277/sfj.v13i1.523
43. Khameneh B, Iranshahy M, Soheili V, Bazzaz BSF. Review on plant antimicrobials: a mechanistic viewpoint. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:118. doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0559-6
44. Górniak I, Bartoszewski R, Króliczewski J. Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids. Phytochem Rev. 2019;18:241-72. doi:10.1007/s11101-018-9591-z
45. Othman L, Sleiman A, Abdel-Massih RM. Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenols and Alkaloids in Middle Eastern Plants. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:911. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00911
46. Breijyeh Z, Jubeh B, Karaman R. Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Approaches to Resolve It. Molecules. 2020;25(6):1340. doi:10.3390/molecules25061340
47. Exner M, Bhattacharya S, Christiansen B, Gebel J, Goroncy-Bermes P, Hartemann P, et al. Antibiotic resistance: What is so special about multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria? GMS Hyg Infect Control. 2017;12:Doc05. doi:10.3205/dgkh000290
48. Vila J, Sáez-López E, Johnson JR, Römling U, Dobrindt U, Cantón R, et al. Escherichia coli: an old friend with new tidings. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2016;40(4):437-63. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuw005
49. Garcia-Rubio R, de Oliveira HC, Rivera J, Trevijano-Contador N. The Fungal Cell Wall: Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus Species. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2993. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02993
50. Malanovic N, Lohner K. Gram-positive bacterial cell envelopes: The impact on the activity of antimicrobial peptides. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016;1858(5):936-46. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.11.004
51. Lima SL, Colombo AL, Junior JNdA. Fungal Cell Wall: Emerging Antifungals and Drug Resistance. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2573. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02573
Authors
1.
Syafriana V, Febriani A, Suyatno S, Nurfitri N, Hamida F. Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Sempur (Dillenia suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli) Leaves against Pathogenic Microorganisms. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2021May30 [cited 2025Apr.16];4(2):135-44. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/1870
Copyright (c) 2021 Vilya Syafriana, Amelia Febriani, Suyatno Suyatno, Nurfitri Nurfitri, Fathin Hamida
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors continue to retain the copyright to the article if the article is published in the Borneo Journal of Pharmacy. They will also retain the publishing rights to the article without any restrictions.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Any article on the copyright is retained by the author(s).
- The author grants the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share work with an acknowledgment of the work authors and initial publications in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of published articles (e.g., post-institutional repository) or publish them in a book, with acknowledgment of their initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their websites) prior to and during the submission process. This can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citations of published work.
- The article and any associated published material are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Article Details
