Correlation Analysis of Antioxidant Activities with Tannin, Total Flavonoid, and Total Phenolic Contents of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) Fruit Precipitated by Egg white
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Submitted
29 July 2021
Published
30 November 2021
Keywords:
-
Nutmeg flesh extract, DPPH, ABTS, Total flavonoid content, Total phenolic content, Tannin content
Abstract
The nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) flesh extract has a strong antioxidant activity. Therefore, M. fragrans flesh can be developed for functional drinks which are sources rich in antioxidants good for the prevention and treatment of diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. However, the tannins' content can cause a bitter and sour taste. Therefore, the tannins content should be reduced by the addition of egg white. The purpose of this study is to find out the comparison of antioxidant activity between a combination of M. fragrans flesh extract with various concentrations of egg white and to correlate its antioxidant activities with tannin, total flavonoid, and total phenolic contents. The antioxidant activities were conducted on M. fragrans flesh extract by using DPPH and ABTS radicals. Tannin, total flavonoid, and total phenolic contents from M. fragrans flesh extract were also tested. The M. fragrans flesh extracts without addition egg white have a strong antioxidant in scavenging the stable free radical ABTS (89.980±0.480 µg/mL) and intermediate antioxidant in scavenging the stable free radical DPPH (105.669±0.102 µg/mL). It is followed accordingly by tannin, total flavonoid, and total phenolic contents, namely 14.034±0.100 %w/w TAE, 26.929±0.129 %w/w QE, and 53.164±0.129 %w/w GAE, respectively. Correlation of tannin, total flavonoid, and total phenolic contents, which inhibited DPPH and ABTS radicals had R2 values of about 89.23-97.63%. It showed that antioxidant activity is strongly influenced by the tannin, total flavonoid, and total phenolic contents. Therefore, precipitation from the tannin-protein bond caused antioxidant activities were decreased.
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References
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20. Canadianti M, Yusiati LM, Hanim C, Widyobroto BP, Astuti A. The Effect of Nutmeg Leaves Tannin (Myristica fragrans Houtt) as Protein Protecting Agents on In Vitro Nutrient Digestibility. Bul Peternak (Bull Anim Sci). 2020;44(1):10-4. doi:10.21059/buletinpeternak.v44i1.47976
21. Arina NB, Rohman A. The phenolic contents and antiradical activity of Indonesian Phyllantus urinaria L. Int Food Res J. 2013;20(3):1119-24.
22. Antasionasti I, Riyanto S, Rohman A. Antioxidant Activities and Phenolics Contents of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Peel in vitro. Res J Med Plants. 2017;11(2):55-61. doi:10.3923/rjmp.2017.55.61
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24. Kikuzaki H, Hisamoto M, Hirose K, Akiyama K, Taniguchi H. Antioxidant properties of ferulic acid and its related compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(7):2161-8. doi:10.1021/jf011348w
25. Aktumsek A, Zengin G, Guler GO, Cakmak YS, Duran A. Antioxidant potentials and anticholinesterase activities of methanolic and aqueous extracts of three endemic Centaurea L. species. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;55:290-6. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.018
26. Pratama M, Razak R, Rosalina VS. Analisis kadar tanin total ekstrak etanol bunga cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum L.) menggunakan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis. J Fitofarmaka Indones. 2019;6(2):368-73. doi:10.33096/jffi.v6i2.510
27. Chun OK, Kim DO, Lee CY. Superoxide radical scavenging activity of the major polyphenols in fresh plums. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(27):8067-72. doi:10.1021/jf034740d
28. Zou Y, Lu Y, Wei D. Antioxidant activity of a flavonoid-rich extract of Hypericum perforatum L. in vitro. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(16):5032-9. doi:10.1021/jf049571r
29. Fitriana WD, Fatmawati S, Ersam T. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan terhadap DPPH dan ABTS dari Fraksi-fraksi Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera). In: Irwanto D, Akbar FT, Aimon AH, editors. Prosiding Simposium Nasional Inovasi dan Pembelajaran Sains 2015 (SNIPS 2015); 2015 June 8-9; Bandung, Indonesia. Bandung: Program Studi Magister Pengajaran Fisika FMIPA ITB; 2015. p. 657-60.
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31. Ervina M, Nawu YE, Esar SY. Comparison of in vitro antioxidant activity of infusion, extract and fractions of Indonesian Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) bark. Int Food Res J. 2016;23(3):1346-50.
32. Assa JR, Widjanarko SB, Kusnadi J, Berhimpon S. Antioxidant Potential of Flesh, Seed and Mace of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt). Int J ChemTech Res. 2014;6(4):2460-8.
33. Selonni F. The Effect of Drying Method on The Antioxidant Activity of The Flesh of Nutmeg. Indones J Pharm Res. 2021;1(1):1-6. doi:10.31869/ijpr.v1i1.2437
34. Kolla MC, Laya A, Bayang JP, Koubala BB. Effect of different drying methods and storage conditions on physical, nutritional, bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of doum (Hyphaene thebaica) fruits. Heliyon. 2021;7(4):e06678. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06678
35. Platzer M, Kiese S, Herfellner T, Schweiggert-Weisz U, Miesbauer O, Eisner P. Common Trends and Differences in Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Phenolic Substances Using Single Electron Transfer Based Assays. Molecules. 2021;26(5):1244. doi:10.3390/molecules26051244
36. Martysiak-Żurowska D, Wenta W. A comparison of ABTS and DPPH methods for assessing the total antioxidant capacity of human milk. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment. 2012;11(1):83-9.
37. Schaich KM, Tian X, Xie J. Hurdles and pitfalls in measuring antioxidant efficacy: A critical evaluation of ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC assays. J Funct Foods. 2015;14:111-25. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.043
38. Richard T, Lefeuvre D, Descendit A, Quideau S, Monti JP. Recognition characters in peptide-polyphenol complex formation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1760(6):951-8. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.01.005
39. Budryn G, Nebesny E, Rachwal D. Pepsin Digestibility and Antioxidant Activity of Egg White Protein in Model Systems with Green Coffee Extract. Int J Food Prop. 2014;17(7):1529-46. doi:10.1080/10942912.2012.723235
40. Yin C, Yang L, Zhao H, Li CP. Improvement of antioxidant activity of egg white protein by phosphorylation and conjugation of epigallocatechin gallate. Food Res Int. 2014;64:855-63. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2014.08.020
41. Sun J, Jing H, Liu T, Dong S, Obadi M, Xu B. Evaluation of antioxidant modification on the functional and structural properties of EWP conjugates. RSC Adv. 2020;10(18):10666-72. doi:10.1039/D0RA00023J
42. McRae JM, Kennedy JA. Wine and grape tannin interactions with salivary proteins and their impact on astringency: a review of current research. Molecules. 2011;16(3):2348-64. doi:10.3390/molecules16032348
43. Dieng SIM, Mathieu C, Sarr A, Diatta-Badji K, Fall AD. Condensed Tannins Content and their Influence on the Antioxidant Activity of Bark Hydroethanol Extract of Piliostigma reticulatum (Dc) Hochst and its Fractions. Pharmacogn J. 2020;12(2):361-8. doi:10.5530/pj.2020.12.57
44. Hidjrawan Y. Identifikasi senyawa tanin pada daun belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). J Optimalisasi. 2018;4(2):78-82. doi:10.35308/jopt.v4i2.1475
45. Antasionasti I, Jayanto I, Abdullah SS, Siampa JP. karakterisasi nanopartikel ekstrak etanol kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmanii) dengan kitosan sodium tripolifosfat sebagai kandidat Antioksidan. Chem Prog. 2020;13(2):77-85. doi:10.35799/cp.13.2.2020.31392
46. Kallel I, Hadrich B, Gargouri B, Chaabane A, Lassoued S, Gdoura R, et al. Optimization of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) Essential Oil Extraction: Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Effects. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019;2019:6498347. doi:10.1155/2019/6498347
47. Gülçin I, Huyut Z, Elmastaş M, Aboul-Enein HY. Radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of tannic acid. Arab J Chem. 2010;3(1):45-53. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2009.12.008
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2. Morsy NFS. A comparative study of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) oleoresins obtained by conventional and green extraction techniques. J Food Sci Technol. 2016;53(10):3770-7. doi:10.1007/s13197-016-2363-0
3. Abourashed EA, El-Alfy AT. Chemical diversity and pharmacological significance of the secondary metabolites of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.). Phytochem Rev. 2016;15(6):1035-56. doi:10.1007/s11101-016-9469-x
4. Tan KP, Khoo HE, Azrina A. Comparison of antioxidant components and antioxidant capacity in different parts of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans). Int Food Res J. 2013;20(3):1049-52.
5. Piaru SP, Mahmud R, Majid AMSA, Nassar ZDM. Antioxidant and antiangiogenic activities of the essential oils of Myristica fragrans and Morinda citrifolia. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2012;5(4):294-8. doi:10.1016/s1995-7645(12)60042-x
6. Sulaiman SF, Ooi KL. Antioxidant and anti food-borne bacterial activities of extracts from leaf and different fruit parts of Myristica fragrans Houtt. Food Control. 2012;25(2):533-6. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.11.005
7. Ginting B, Mustanir, Helwati H, Desiyana LS, Eralisa, Mujahid R. Antioxidant activity of n-hexane extract of nutmeg plants from South Aceh Province. J Natural. 2017;17(1):39-44. doi:10.24815/jn.v17i1.6969
8. Ginting B, Maira R, Mustanir, Helwati H, Desiyana LS, Mujahid R. Isolation of essensial oil of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) and antioxidant activity test with DPPH. J Natural. 2018;18(1):11-7. doi:10.24815/jn.v18i1.6604
9. Ginting B, Saidi N, Murniana, Mustanir, Maulidna, Simanjuntak P. Lignan compound isolated from n-hexane extract Myristica fragrans Houtt root as antioxidant and antitumor activities against MCF-7 cell lines data. Data Brief. 2020;31:105997. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2020.105997
10. Al-Jumaily EF, Al-Amiry MHA. Extraction and Purification of Terpenes from Nutmeg (myristica fragrans). Al-Nahrain J Sci. 2012;15(3):151-60. doi:10.22401/JNUS.15.3.21
11. Gupta AD, Bansal VK, Babu V, Maithil N. Chemistry, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt). J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2013;11(1):25-31. doi:10.1016/j.jgeb.2012.12.001
12. Periasamy G, Karim A, Gibrelibanos M, Gebremedhin G, Gilani AuH. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety. Cambridge (MA): Academic Press; 2016. Chapter 69, Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Oils; p. 607-16. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00069-9
13. Panggabean KA, Rusmarilin H, Suryanto D. The utilization of nutmeg seed (Myristica fragrans Houtt) extract as an antimicrobial on tempeh sausage. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2018;260:012087. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/260/1/012087
14. Vivia SF, Trisnawati CY, Budianta DW. Pengaruh konsentrasi putih telur terhadap sifat fisikokimia dan organoleptik sari buah pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt). J Teknologi Pangan Gizi (J Food Technol Nutr). 2014;13(1):12-6. doi:10.33508/jtpg.v13i1.1495
15. Sung SH, Kim KH, Jeon BT, Cheong SH, Park JH, Kim DH, et al. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of tannins extracted from agricultural by-products. J Med Plants Res. 2012;6(15):3072-9. doi:10.5897/JMPR11.1575
16. Park M, Cho H, Lee H, Hwang KT. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Tannin Fraction of the Extract from Black Raspberry Seeds Compared to Grape Seeds. J Food Biochem. 2013;38(3):259-70. doi:10.1111/jfbc.12044
17. Toul F, Belyagoubi-Benhammou N, Zitouni A, Ghembaza N, Atik-Bekkara F. In-vitro antioxidant effects of tannin extracts of Pistacia atlantica. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2015;7(1):121-6. doi:10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.7(1).121-26
18. Maisetta G, Batoni G, Caboni P, Esin S, Rinaldi AC, Zucca P. Tannin profile, antioxidant properties, and antimicrobial activity of extracts from two Mediterranean species of parasitic plant Cytinus. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019;19:82. doi:10.1186/s12906-019-2487-7
19. Srividya N, Chandra M. Evaluation of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of some wild fruits by in-vitro assays. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2014;6(1):233-8. doi:10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(1).233-38
20. Canadianti M, Yusiati LM, Hanim C, Widyobroto BP, Astuti A. The Effect of Nutmeg Leaves Tannin (Myristica fragrans Houtt) as Protein Protecting Agents on In Vitro Nutrient Digestibility. Bul Peternak (Bull Anim Sci). 2020;44(1):10-4. doi:10.21059/buletinpeternak.v44i1.47976
21. Arina NB, Rohman A. The phenolic contents and antiradical activity of Indonesian Phyllantus urinaria L. Int Food Res J. 2013;20(3):1119-24.
22. Antasionasti I, Riyanto S, Rohman A. Antioxidant Activities and Phenolics Contents of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Peel in vitro. Res J Med Plants. 2017;11(2):55-61. doi:10.3923/rjmp.2017.55.61
23. Indriaty F, Assah YF. Pengaruh penambahan gula dan sari buah terhadap kualitas minuman serbuk daging buah pala. J Penelitian Teknologi Industri. 2015;7(1):49-60. doi:10.33749/jpti.v7i1.4683
24. Kikuzaki H, Hisamoto M, Hirose K, Akiyama K, Taniguchi H. Antioxidant properties of ferulic acid and its related compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(7):2161-8. doi:10.1021/jf011348w
25. Aktumsek A, Zengin G, Guler GO, Cakmak YS, Duran A. Antioxidant potentials and anticholinesterase activities of methanolic and aqueous extracts of three endemic Centaurea L. species. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;55:290-6. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.018
26. Pratama M, Razak R, Rosalina VS. Analisis kadar tanin total ekstrak etanol bunga cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum L.) menggunakan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis. J Fitofarmaka Indones. 2019;6(2):368-73. doi:10.33096/jffi.v6i2.510
27. Chun OK, Kim DO, Lee CY. Superoxide radical scavenging activity of the major polyphenols in fresh plums. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(27):8067-72. doi:10.1021/jf034740d
28. Zou Y, Lu Y, Wei D. Antioxidant activity of a flavonoid-rich extract of Hypericum perforatum L. in vitro. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(16):5032-9. doi:10.1021/jf049571r
29. Fitriana WD, Fatmawati S, Ersam T. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan terhadap DPPH dan ABTS dari Fraksi-fraksi Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera). In: Irwanto D, Akbar FT, Aimon AH, editors. Prosiding Simposium Nasional Inovasi dan Pembelajaran Sains 2015 (SNIPS 2015); 2015 June 8-9; Bandung, Indonesia. Bandung: Program Studi Magister Pengajaran Fisika FMIPA ITB; 2015. p. 657-60.
30. Wootton-Beard PC, Moran A, Ryan L. Stability of the total antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol content of 23 commercially available vegetable juices before and after in vitro digestion measured by FRAP, DPPH, ABTS and Folin–Ciocalteu methods. Food Res Int. 2011;44(1):217-24. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.10.033
31. Ervina M, Nawu YE, Esar SY. Comparison of in vitro antioxidant activity of infusion, extract and fractions of Indonesian Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) bark. Int Food Res J. 2016;23(3):1346-50.
32. Assa JR, Widjanarko SB, Kusnadi J, Berhimpon S. Antioxidant Potential of Flesh, Seed and Mace of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt). Int J ChemTech Res. 2014;6(4):2460-8.
33. Selonni F. The Effect of Drying Method on The Antioxidant Activity of The Flesh of Nutmeg. Indones J Pharm Res. 2021;1(1):1-6. doi:10.31869/ijpr.v1i1.2437
34. Kolla MC, Laya A, Bayang JP, Koubala BB. Effect of different drying methods and storage conditions on physical, nutritional, bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of doum (Hyphaene thebaica) fruits. Heliyon. 2021;7(4):e06678. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06678
35. Platzer M, Kiese S, Herfellner T, Schweiggert-Weisz U, Miesbauer O, Eisner P. Common Trends and Differences in Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Phenolic Substances Using Single Electron Transfer Based Assays. Molecules. 2021;26(5):1244. doi:10.3390/molecules26051244
36. Martysiak-Żurowska D, Wenta W. A comparison of ABTS and DPPH methods for assessing the total antioxidant capacity of human milk. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment. 2012;11(1):83-9.
37. Schaich KM, Tian X, Xie J. Hurdles and pitfalls in measuring antioxidant efficacy: A critical evaluation of ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC assays. J Funct Foods. 2015;14:111-25. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.043
38. Richard T, Lefeuvre D, Descendit A, Quideau S, Monti JP. Recognition characters in peptide-polyphenol complex formation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1760(6):951-8. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.01.005
39. Budryn G, Nebesny E, Rachwal D. Pepsin Digestibility and Antioxidant Activity of Egg White Protein in Model Systems with Green Coffee Extract. Int J Food Prop. 2014;17(7):1529-46. doi:10.1080/10942912.2012.723235
40. Yin C, Yang L, Zhao H, Li CP. Improvement of antioxidant activity of egg white protein by phosphorylation and conjugation of epigallocatechin gallate. Food Res Int. 2014;64:855-63. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2014.08.020
41. Sun J, Jing H, Liu T, Dong S, Obadi M, Xu B. Evaluation of antioxidant modification on the functional and structural properties of EWP conjugates. RSC Adv. 2020;10(18):10666-72. doi:10.1039/D0RA00023J
42. McRae JM, Kennedy JA. Wine and grape tannin interactions with salivary proteins and their impact on astringency: a review of current research. Molecules. 2011;16(3):2348-64. doi:10.3390/molecules16032348
43. Dieng SIM, Mathieu C, Sarr A, Diatta-Badji K, Fall AD. Condensed Tannins Content and their Influence on the Antioxidant Activity of Bark Hydroethanol Extract of Piliostigma reticulatum (Dc) Hochst and its Fractions. Pharmacogn J. 2020;12(2):361-8. doi:10.5530/pj.2020.12.57
44. Hidjrawan Y. Identifikasi senyawa tanin pada daun belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). J Optimalisasi. 2018;4(2):78-82. doi:10.35308/jopt.v4i2.1475
45. Antasionasti I, Jayanto I, Abdullah SS, Siampa JP. karakterisasi nanopartikel ekstrak etanol kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmanii) dengan kitosan sodium tripolifosfat sebagai kandidat Antioksidan. Chem Prog. 2020;13(2):77-85. doi:10.35799/cp.13.2.2020.31392
46. Kallel I, Hadrich B, Gargouri B, Chaabane A, Lassoued S, Gdoura R, et al. Optimization of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) Essential Oil Extraction: Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Effects. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019;2019:6498347. doi:10.1155/2019/6498347
47. Gülçin I, Huyut Z, Elmastaş M, Aboul-Enein HY. Radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of tannic acid. Arab J Chem. 2010;3(1):45-53. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2009.12.008
48. Treml J, Šmejkal K. Flavonoids as Potent Scavengers of Hydroxyl Radicals. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2016;15(4):720-38. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12204
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Antasionasti I, Datu OS, Lestari US, Abdullah SS, Jayanto I. Correlation Analysis of Antioxidant Activities with Tannin, Total Flavonoid, and Total Phenolic Contents of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) Fruit Precipitated by Egg white. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2021Nov.30 [cited 2024Nov.21];4(4):301-10. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/2497
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