Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoemulsion Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) Herbs with Composition of Smix (Tween 80 and Glycerin) and Pine Oil
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Submitted
4 August 2022
4 August 2022
Published
30 November 2023
30 November 2023
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Abstract
Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) herb is a typical South Kalimantan plant containing bioactive substances that can serve as antioxidants. It can be formulated into nanoemulsions to increase bioavailability in the skin. This study aimed to determine the ratio of pine oil and Smix (tween 80 and glycerin) as the optimal base for nanoemulsion based on the highest percent transmittance and to determine the physical characteristics of the S. palustris herb extract nanoemulsion with variations in the amount of extract. Bases of nanoemulsion formula were optimized using a ternary phase diagram and D-Optimal Mixture Design. Nanoemulsion contained three extract concentrations: 0.1; 0.25; and 0.5%, respectively, and nanoemulsion was tested for physical characteristics. The results of this study were a light yellow to light brown, clear, and transparent, with a characteristic weak-strong odor, forming an O/W nanoemulsion. Increasing the concentration of the extract significantly increased the viscosity and decreased the pH and percent transmittance. This study concluded that variations in extract concentration affected the percent transmittance, organoleptic, pH, viscosity, and the optimal ratio of nanoemulsion components was 1% pine oil, 9% Smix, and 90% water.
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References
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14. Sulaiman ISC, Basri M, Masoumi HRF, Ashari SE, Basri H, Ismail M. Predicting the optimum compositions of a transdermal nanoemulsion system containing an extract of Clinacanthus nutans leaves (L.) for skin antiaging by artificial neural network model. J Chemom. 2017;3(1):e2894. doi:10.1002/cem.2894
15. Smail SS, Ghareeb MM, Omer HK, Al-Kinani AA, Alany RG. Studies on Surfactants, Cosurfactants, and Oils for Prospective Use in Formulation of Ketorolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Nanoemulsions. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(4):467. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13040467
16. Fitriana M, Halwany W, Anwar K, Triyasmono L, Rahmanto B, Andriani S, et al. Karakteristik Fisika Sediaan Suspensi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.) dengan Variasi Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium (CMC-Na). J Pharmascience. 2020;7(1):125-31. doi:10.20527/jps.v7i1.8087
17. Wati FK, Hasnah S. The effect of drying method on potential antioxidants in ethanol extract of sungkai leaf (Parenoma canescens jack.) simplicia from kalimantan. J Ilmiah Berkala Sains Terapan Kimia. 2022;16(1):1-8. doi:10.20527/jstk.v16i1.11712
18. Jadhav C, Kate V, Payghan SA. Investigation of effect of non-ionic surfactant on preparation of griseofulvin non-aqueous nanoemulsion. Journal Nanostruct Chem. 2015;5:107-13. doi:10.1007/s40097-014-0141-y
19. Shafiq-un-Nabi S, Shakeel F, Talegaonkar S, Ali J, Baboota S, Ahuja A, et al. Formulation development and optimization using nanoemulsion technique: a technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2007;8(2):28. doi:10.1208/pt0802028
20. Astuti IY, Marchaban, Martien R, Nugroho AE. Design and Optimization of Self Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System Containing a New Anti-inflammatory Agent Pentagamavunon-0. Indones J Chem. 2017;17(3):365-75. doi:10.22146/ijc.22640
21. Aini NN, Wijayatri R, Pribadi P. Nanoemulsion characteristics preparations ethanol leaf extracts in various plants: literature review. J Farm Sains Praktis. 2022;8(3):215-26. doi:10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.4786
22. Maha HL, Sinaga KR, Masfria. Formulation and evaluation of miconazole nitrate nanoemulsion and cream. Asian J Pharm CLin Res. 2018;11(3):319-21. doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.22056
23. Vasiljević DD, Parojčić J, Primorac MM, Vuleta GM. Rheological and droplet size analysis of W/O/W emulsions containing low concentrations of polymeric emulsifiers. J Serb Chem Soc. 2009;74(7):801-16. doi:10.2298/JSC0907801V
24. Lal DK, Kumar B, Saeedan AS, Ansari MN. An Overview of Nanoemulgels for Bioavailability Enhancement in Inflammatory Conditions via Topical Delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(4):1187. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15041187
25. Ermawati DE, Yugatama A, Wulandari W. Optimization of olive oil, tween 80, and propylene glycol of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of zinc oxide by d-optimal method. J Farm Sains Komunitas. 2020;17(2):92-101. doi:10.24071/jpsc.001649
26. Cheng KL, Zhu DM. On Calibration of pH Meters. Sensors. 2005;5(4):209-19.
27. Derwin R, Patton D, Avsar P, Strapp H, Moore Z. The impact of topical agents and dressing on pH and temperature on wound healing: A systematic, narrative review. Int Wound J. 2022;19(6):1397-408. doi:10.1111/iwj.13733
28. Syamsul ES, Hakim YY, Nurhasnawati H. Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Ekstrak Daun Kelakai (Stenochlaena Palustris (Burm. F.) Bedd.) dengan Metode Spektrofotometri Uv-vis. J Riset Kefarmasian Indones. 2019;1(1):11-20. doi:10.33759/jrki.v1i1.46
29. Warkoyo, Saati EA. The Solvent Effectiveness on Extraction Process of Seaweed Pigment. Makara J Technol. 2011;15(1):5-8. doi:10.7454/mst.v15i1.850
30. Cho YH, Kim S, Bae EK, Mok CK, Park J. Formulation of a cosurfactant-free O/W microemulsion using nonionic surfactant mixtures. J Food Sci. 2008;73(3):E115-21. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00688.x
31. Syukri Y, Nugroho BH, Istanti. Penggunaan D-Optimal Mixture Design untuk Optimasi dan Formulasi Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Asam Mefenamat. J Sains Farm Klin. 2020;7(3):180-8. doi:10.25077/jsfk.7.3.180-187.2020
32. Handayani FS, Nugroho BH, Munawiroh SZ. Optimasi formulasi nanoemulsi minyak biji anggur energi rendah dengan d-optimal mixture design (DMD). J Ilmiah Farm. 2018;14; 17-34. doi:10.20885/jif.vol14.iss1.art03
33. Laksmiani NPL, Leliqia NPE, Paramita NLPV, Arijana IGKN, Wijayanti NPAD, Adiwibawa PI, et al. Secang wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) nanoemulgel activity as antiaging through suppressing the MMP-1 expression and the collagen degradation. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res. 2022;10(5):922-37. doi:10.56499/jppres22.1456_10.5.922
34. Preeti, Sambhakar S, Malik R, Bhatia S, Al Harrasi A, Rani C, et al. Nanoemulsion: An Emerging Novel Technology for Improving the Bioavailability of Drugs. Scientifica. 2023;2023:6640103. doi:10.1155/2023/6640103
35. Brahmi F, Mateos-Aparicio I, Garcia-Alonso A, Abaci N, Saoudi S, Smail-Benazzouz L, et al. Optimization of Conventional Extraction Parameters for Recovering Phenolic Compounds from Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) Peels and Their Application as an Antioxidant in Yogurt Formulation. Antioxidants. 2022;11(7):1401. doi:10.3390/antiox11071401
36. Syukri Y, Kholidah Z, Chabib L. Fabrikasi dan Studi Stabilitas Self-Nano Emulsifying Propolis menggunakan Minyak Kesturi sebagai Pembawa. J Sains Farm Klin. 2019;6(3):265-73. doi:10.25077/jsfk.6.3.265-273.2019
37. Novak-Bilić G, Vučić M, Japundžić I, Meštrović-Štefekov J, Stanić-Duktaj S, Lugović-Mihić L. Irritant and allergic contact dermatitis - skin lesion characteristics. Acta Clin Croat. 2018;57(4):713-20. doi:10.20471/acc.2018.57.04.13
38. Ferdiansyah R, Abdassah M, Zainuddin A, Rachmaniar R, Chaerunisaa AY. Effects of Alkaline Solvent Type and pH on Solid Physical Properties of Carrageenan from Eucheuma cottonii. Gels. 2023;9(5):397. doi:10.3390/gels9050397
39. Feichtinger A, Scholten E, Sala G. Effect of particle size distribution on rheological properties of chocolate. Food Funct. 2020;11:9547-59. doi:10.1039/D0FO01655A
40. Mason TG, Wilking JN, Meleson K, Chang CB, Graves SM. Nanoemulsions: formation, structure, and physical properties. J Phys Condens Matter. 2007;19:079001. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/19/7/079001
Read More
2. Quah Y, Tong SR, Tan SA, Chow YL, Chai TT. Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Stenochlaena palustris. In: Murthy HN, Editor. Bioactive Compounds in Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Cham; Springer: 2022. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97415-2_26-1
3. Irawan D, Wijaya CH, Limin SH, Hashidoko Y, Osaki M, Kulu IP. Ethnobotanical study and nutrient potency of local traditional vegetables in Central Kalimantan. Tropics. 2006;15(4):441-8. doi:10.3759/tropics.15.441
4. Adawiyah R, Rizki MI. Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Akar Kalakai (Stenochlaena Palustris Bedd) Asal Kalimantan Tengah. J Pharmascience. 2018;5(1):71-7. doi:10.20527/jps.v5i1.5788
5. Ndanusa AH, Cicuzza D, Siddique MM. 2020. Analysis of The Phytochemical Contents and Anti-Oxidative Properties of Stenochlaena palustris. Int Food Res J. 2020;27(5):798-804.
6. Safitri RA, Saptarini O, Sunarni T. Uji Aktivitas Sitotoksik, Ekspresi p53, dan Bcl-2 dari Ekstrak Fraksi Herba Kelakai (Stenochleana palustris (Burm.F.). J Biotek Medisiana Indones. 2020;9(2):113-27. doi:10.22435/jbmi.v9i2.4415
7. Sutomo, Pratama MRF. Measuring the Potential Antioxidant Activity of Methyl Gallate: Molecular Docking Study. Thai J Pharm Sci. 2020;44(1):14-22.
8. Zehiroglu C, Sarikaya SBO. The importance of antioxidants and place in today's scientific and technological studies. J Food Sci Technol. 2019;56(11):4757-74. doi:10.1007/s13197-019-03952-x
9. Budiman A, Rusdin A, Aulifa DL. Current Techniques of Water Solubility Improvement for Antioxidant Compounds and Their Correlation with Its Activity: Molecular Pharmaceutics. Antioxidants. 2023;12(2):378. doi:10.3390/antiox12020378
10. Stoia M, Oancea S. Low-Molecular-Weight Synthetic Antioxidants: Classification, Pharmacological Profile, Effectiveness and Trends. Antioxidants. 2022;11(4):638. doi:10.3390/antiox11040638
11. Suratno, Rizki MI, Pratama MRF. In-Vitro Study of Antioxidant Activities from Ethanol Extracts of Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava). J Surya Medika. 2019;4(2):66-71. doi:10.33084/jsm.v4i2.594
12. Souto EB, Fangueiro JF, Fernandes AR, Cano A, Sanchez-Lopez E, Garcia ML, et al. Physicochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects influencing skin permeation and role of SLN and NLC for skin drug delivery. Heliyon. 2022;8(2):e08938. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08938
13. Wang B, Xiang J, He B, Tan S, Zhou W. Enhancing bioavailability of natural extracts for nutritional applications through dry powder inhalers (DPI) spray drying: technological advancements and future directions. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1190912. doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1190912
14. Sulaiman ISC, Basri M, Masoumi HRF, Ashari SE, Basri H, Ismail M. Predicting the optimum compositions of a transdermal nanoemulsion system containing an extract of Clinacanthus nutans leaves (L.) for skin antiaging by artificial neural network model. J Chemom. 2017;3(1):e2894. doi:10.1002/cem.2894
15. Smail SS, Ghareeb MM, Omer HK, Al-Kinani AA, Alany RG. Studies on Surfactants, Cosurfactants, and Oils for Prospective Use in Formulation of Ketorolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Nanoemulsions. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(4):467. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13040467
16. Fitriana M, Halwany W, Anwar K, Triyasmono L, Rahmanto B, Andriani S, et al. Karakteristik Fisika Sediaan Suspensi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Gaharu (Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.) dengan Variasi Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium (CMC-Na). J Pharmascience. 2020;7(1):125-31. doi:10.20527/jps.v7i1.8087
17. Wati FK, Hasnah S. The effect of drying method on potential antioxidants in ethanol extract of sungkai leaf (Parenoma canescens jack.) simplicia from kalimantan. J Ilmiah Berkala Sains Terapan Kimia. 2022;16(1):1-8. doi:10.20527/jstk.v16i1.11712
18. Jadhav C, Kate V, Payghan SA. Investigation of effect of non-ionic surfactant on preparation of griseofulvin non-aqueous nanoemulsion. Journal Nanostruct Chem. 2015;5:107-13. doi:10.1007/s40097-014-0141-y
19. Shafiq-un-Nabi S, Shakeel F, Talegaonkar S, Ali J, Baboota S, Ahuja A, et al. Formulation development and optimization using nanoemulsion technique: a technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2007;8(2):28. doi:10.1208/pt0802028
20. Astuti IY, Marchaban, Martien R, Nugroho AE. Design and Optimization of Self Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System Containing a New Anti-inflammatory Agent Pentagamavunon-0. Indones J Chem. 2017;17(3):365-75. doi:10.22146/ijc.22640
21. Aini NN, Wijayatri R, Pribadi P. Nanoemulsion characteristics preparations ethanol leaf extracts in various plants: literature review. J Farm Sains Praktis. 2022;8(3):215-26. doi:10.31603/pharmacy.v8i3.4786
22. Maha HL, Sinaga KR, Masfria. Formulation and evaluation of miconazole nitrate nanoemulsion and cream. Asian J Pharm CLin Res. 2018;11(3):319-21. doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.22056
23. Vasiljević DD, Parojčić J, Primorac MM, Vuleta GM. Rheological and droplet size analysis of W/O/W emulsions containing low concentrations of polymeric emulsifiers. J Serb Chem Soc. 2009;74(7):801-16. doi:10.2298/JSC0907801V
24. Lal DK, Kumar B, Saeedan AS, Ansari MN. An Overview of Nanoemulgels for Bioavailability Enhancement in Inflammatory Conditions via Topical Delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(4):1187. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15041187
25. Ermawati DE, Yugatama A, Wulandari W. Optimization of olive oil, tween 80, and propylene glycol of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of zinc oxide by d-optimal method. J Farm Sains Komunitas. 2020;17(2):92-101. doi:10.24071/jpsc.001649
26. Cheng KL, Zhu DM. On Calibration of pH Meters. Sensors. 2005;5(4):209-19.
27. Derwin R, Patton D, Avsar P, Strapp H, Moore Z. The impact of topical agents and dressing on pH and temperature on wound healing: A systematic, narrative review. Int Wound J. 2022;19(6):1397-408. doi:10.1111/iwj.13733
28. Syamsul ES, Hakim YY, Nurhasnawati H. Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Ekstrak Daun Kelakai (Stenochlaena Palustris (Burm. F.) Bedd.) dengan Metode Spektrofotometri Uv-vis. J Riset Kefarmasian Indones. 2019;1(1):11-20. doi:10.33759/jrki.v1i1.46
29. Warkoyo, Saati EA. The Solvent Effectiveness on Extraction Process of Seaweed Pigment. Makara J Technol. 2011;15(1):5-8. doi:10.7454/mst.v15i1.850
30. Cho YH, Kim S, Bae EK, Mok CK, Park J. Formulation of a cosurfactant-free O/W microemulsion using nonionic surfactant mixtures. J Food Sci. 2008;73(3):E115-21. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00688.x
31. Syukri Y, Nugroho BH, Istanti. Penggunaan D-Optimal Mixture Design untuk Optimasi dan Formulasi Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Asam Mefenamat. J Sains Farm Klin. 2020;7(3):180-8. doi:10.25077/jsfk.7.3.180-187.2020
32. Handayani FS, Nugroho BH, Munawiroh SZ. Optimasi formulasi nanoemulsi minyak biji anggur energi rendah dengan d-optimal mixture design (DMD). J Ilmiah Farm. 2018;14; 17-34. doi:10.20885/jif.vol14.iss1.art03
33. Laksmiani NPL, Leliqia NPE, Paramita NLPV, Arijana IGKN, Wijayanti NPAD, Adiwibawa PI, et al. Secang wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) nanoemulgel activity as antiaging through suppressing the MMP-1 expression and the collagen degradation. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res. 2022;10(5):922-37. doi:10.56499/jppres22.1456_10.5.922
34. Preeti, Sambhakar S, Malik R, Bhatia S, Al Harrasi A, Rani C, et al. Nanoemulsion: An Emerging Novel Technology for Improving the Bioavailability of Drugs. Scientifica. 2023;2023:6640103. doi:10.1155/2023/6640103
35. Brahmi F, Mateos-Aparicio I, Garcia-Alonso A, Abaci N, Saoudi S, Smail-Benazzouz L, et al. Optimization of Conventional Extraction Parameters for Recovering Phenolic Compounds from Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) Peels and Their Application as an Antioxidant in Yogurt Formulation. Antioxidants. 2022;11(7):1401. doi:10.3390/antiox11071401
36. Syukri Y, Kholidah Z, Chabib L. Fabrikasi dan Studi Stabilitas Self-Nano Emulsifying Propolis menggunakan Minyak Kesturi sebagai Pembawa. J Sains Farm Klin. 2019;6(3):265-73. doi:10.25077/jsfk.6.3.265-273.2019
37. Novak-Bilić G, Vučić M, Japundžić I, Meštrović-Štefekov J, Stanić-Duktaj S, Lugović-Mihić L. Irritant and allergic contact dermatitis - skin lesion characteristics. Acta Clin Croat. 2018;57(4):713-20. doi:10.20471/acc.2018.57.04.13
38. Ferdiansyah R, Abdassah M, Zainuddin A, Rachmaniar R, Chaerunisaa AY. Effects of Alkaline Solvent Type and pH on Solid Physical Properties of Carrageenan from Eucheuma cottonii. Gels. 2023;9(5):397. doi:10.3390/gels9050397
39. Feichtinger A, Scholten E, Sala G. Effect of particle size distribution on rheological properties of chocolate. Food Funct. 2020;11:9547-59. doi:10.1039/D0FO01655A
40. Mason TG, Wilking JN, Meleson K, Chang CB, Graves SM. Nanoemulsions: formation, structure, and physical properties. J Phys Condens Matter. 2007;19:079001. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/19/7/079001
Authors
1.
Helsawati H, Ratnapuri PH, Fitriana M. Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoemulsion Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) Herbs with Composition of Smix (Tween 80 and Glycerin) and Pine Oil. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2023Nov.30 [cited 2025Apr.6];6(4):406-1. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/3817
Copyright (c) 2023 Helsawati Helsawati, Prima Happy Ratnapuri, Mia Fitriana
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