Total Flavonoid Levels in n-hexane and Ethyl Acetate Fractions of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Leaves and Their Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities
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Submitted
16 September 2022
Published
29 February 2024
Keywords:
-
Rosemary, Fractions, Flavonoids, Antibacterial, Antioxidant
Abstract
The rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a plant of the Lamiaceae tribe that has not been widely studied regarding its pharmacological activity, known from previous studies to contain secondary metabolites of flavonoids. Flavonoids are phenol compounds with many pharmacological activities, including antibacterials and antioxidants. This study aims to determine the total flavonoid levels in R. officinalis leaves and their effect on antibacterial and antioxidant activities. This research began with the preparation of ethanol extract from R. officinalis leaves, then the fractionation of the extract produced n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions. Total flavonoid levels were determined against both fractions by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. A test of the fraction’s antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was performed using the disc diffusion method. The antioxidant test is carried out by the DPPH method. The total flavonoid content of the ethyl acetate fraction is 47.437 ± 1.947%, higher than the n-hexane fraction. Test antibacterial and antioxidant activity showed more significant results in the ethyl acetate fraction than in the n-hexane fraction. In conclusion, the total flavonoid levels of ethyl acetate fraction are directly proportional to the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of R. officinalis leaves.
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References
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18. Arnida A, Madani A, Sutomo S. Antioxidant Activity of n-hexane and Etil Acetate Fractions of Bangkal (Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud.) Leaves. Borneo J Pharm. 2023;6(2):147-5. DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v6i2.4738
19. Pratama MRF, Suratno S, Mulyani E. Profile of Thin-Layer Chromatography and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry of Akar Kuning Stem Extract (Arcangelisia flava). Borneo J Pharm. 2018;1(2):72-6. DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v1i2.367
20. Esmaeili AK, Taha RM, Mohajer S, Banisalam B. Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Various Solvent Extracts from In Vivo and In Vitro Grown Trifolium pratense L. (Red Clover). Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:643285. DOI: 10.1155/2015/643285; PMCID: PMC4438149; PMID: 26064936
21. Li H, Li L, Chi Y, Tian Q, Zhou T, Han C, et al. Development of a standardized Gram stain procedure for bacteria and inflammatory cells using an automated staining instrument. Microbiologyopen. 2020;9(9):e1099. DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1099; PMCID: PMC7520987; PMID: 32592452
22. Balouiri M, Sadiki M, Ibnsouda SK. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J Pharm Anal. 2016;6(2):71-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005; PMCID: PMC5762448; PMID: 29403965
23. Baliyan S, Mukhejee R, Priyadarshini A, Vibhuti A, Gupta A, Pandey RP, et al. Determination of Antioxidants by DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of Ficus religiosa. Molecules. 2022;27(4):1326. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041326; PMCID: PMC8878429; PMID: 35209118
24. Sabandar CW, Kamaruddin HS, Insani RN, Amin RT, Zulkifli Z, Tien T. Tentative Identification of Compounds, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of the Edible Part of Benincasa hispida L. fruit (Cucurbitaceae). Borneo J Pharm. 2023;6(2):133-46. DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v6i2.4350
25. Marliana SD, Suryanti V, Suyono S. The phytochemical screenings and thin layer chromatography analysis of chemical compounds in ethanol extract of labu siam fruit (Sechium edule Jacq. Swartz.). Asian J Nat Prod Biochem. 2005;3(1):26–31. DOI: 10.13057/biofar/f030106
26. Kowalska T, Sajewicz M. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) in the Screening of Botanicals-Its Versatile Potential and Selected Applications. Molecules. 2022;27(19):6607. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196607; PMCID: PMC9572063; PMID: 36235143
27. De R, Jo KW, Kim KT. Influence of Molecular Structures on Fluorescence of Flavonoids and Their Detection in Mammalian Cells. Biomedicines. 2022;10(6):1265. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061265; PMCID: PMC9220233; PMID: 35740288
28. Krisyanella, Susilawati N, Rivai H. Pembuatan dan karakterisasi serta penentuan kadar flavonoid dari ekstrak kering herba meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.). J Farmasi Higea. 2013;5(1):9-21. DOI: 10.52689/higea.v5i1.72
29. Chen HY, Chen C. Evaluation of Calibration Equations by Using Regression Analysis: An Example of Chemical Analysis. Sensors. 2022;22(2):447. DOI: 10.3390/s22020447; PMCID: PMC8780995; PMID: 35062413
30. Dibacto REK, Tchuente BRT, Nguedjo MW, Tientcheu YMT, Nyobe EC, Edoun FLE, et al. Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Some Varieties of Persea americana Peels Consumed in Cameroon. ScientificWorldJournal. 2021;2021:8882594. DOI: 10.1155/2021/8882594; PMCID: PMC8084670; PMID: 33976588
31. Kefayati Z, Motamed SM, Shojaii A, Noori M, Ghods R. Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of the Extract and Subfractions of Euphorbia splendida Mobayen. Pharmacognosy Res. 2017;9(4):362-5. DOI: 10.4103/pr.pr_12_17; PMCID: PMC5717788; PMID: 29263629
32. Suoth JAT, Sudewi S, Wewengkang DS. Analisis korelasi antara flavonoid total dengan aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak dan fraksi daun gedi hijau (Abelmoschus manihot L.). Pharmacon. 2019;8(3):591-600. DOI: 10.35799/pha.8.2019.29336
33. Kim SJ, Chang J, Singh M. Peptidoglycan architecture of Gram-positive bacteria by solid-state NMR. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015;1848(1 Pt B):350-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.05.031; PMCID: PMC4258515; PMID: 24915020
34. Silhavy TJ, Kahne D, Walker S. The bacterial cell envelope. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2010;2(5):a000414. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a000414; PMCID: PMC2857177; PMID: 20452953
35. Sychrová A, Škovranová G, Čulenová M, Fialová SB. Prenylated Flavonoids in Topical Infections and Wound Healing. Molecules. 2022;27(14):4491. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144491; PMCID: PMC9323352; PMID: 35889363
36. Turahman T, Sari GNF. Antibacterial Activity of Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana) Leaf Extracts and Fractions Against Staphylococcus aureus. J Farmasi Indones. 2018;15(2):115–22. DOI: 10.31001/jfi.v15i2.453
37. Budiansyah A, Haroen U, Syafwan S, Kurniawan K. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the rhizome extract of Curcuma zedoaria extracted using some organic solvents. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2023;10(3):347-60. DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j687; PMCID: PMC10636071; PMID: 37969790
38. Ouchari L, Boukeskasse A, Bouizgarne B, Ouhdouch Y. Antimicrobial potential of actinomycetes isolated from the unexplored hot Merzouga desert and their taxonomic diversity. Biol Open. 2019;8(2):bio035410. DOI: 10.1242/bio.035410; PMCID: PMC6398458; PMID: 30127092
39. Molyneux P. The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2004;26(2):211-9.
40. Shahidi F, Zhong Y. Measurement of antioxidant activity. J Funct Foods. 2015;18(B):757-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.047
2. Andrade JM, Faustino C, Garcia C, Ladeiras D, Reis CP, Rijo P. Rosmarinus officinalis L.: an update review of its phytochemistry and biological activity. Future Sci OA. 2018;4(4):FSO283. DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0124; PMCID: PMC5905578; PMID: 29682318
3. Ribeiro-Santos R, Carvalho-Costa D, Cavaleiro C, Costa HS, Albuquerque TG, Castilho MC, et al. A novel insight on an ancient aromatic plant: The rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Trends Food Sci Technol. 2015;45(2):355-68. DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.07.015
4. Roy A, Khan A, Ahmad I, Alghamdi S, Rajab BS, Babalghith AO, et al. Flavonoids a Bioactive Compound from Medicinal Plants and Its Therapeutic Applications. Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022:5445291. DOI: 10.1155/2022/5445291; PMCID: PMC9192232; PMID: 35707379
5. Chaves JO, de Souza MC, da Silva LC, Lachos-Perez D, Torres-Mayanga PC, Machado APdF, et al. Extraction of Flavonoids from Natural Sources Using Modern Techniques. Front Chem. 2020;8:507887. DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.507887; PMCID: PMC7546908; PMID: 33102442
6. De Luna SLR, Ramírez-Garza RE, Saldívar SOS. Environmentally Friendly Methods for Flavonoid Extraction from Plant Material: Impact of Their Operating Conditions on Yield and Antioxidant Properties. ScientificWorldJournal. 2020;2020:6792069. DOI: 10.1155/2020/6792069; PMCID: PMC7474796; PMID: 32908461
7. Zhou H, Chen L, Ouyang K, Zhang Q, Wang W. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of flavonoids from Chimonanthus salicifolius S. Y. Hu. and its transcriptome analysis against Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol. 2023;13:1103476. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1103476; PMCID: PMC9871464; PMID: 36704556
8. Mrochen DM, de Oliveira LMF, Raafat D, Holtfreter S. Staphylococcus aureus Host Tropism and Its Implications for Murine Infection Models. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(19):7061. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197061; PMCID: PMC7582387; PMID: 32992784
9. Salam MA, Al-Amin MY, Salam MT, Pawar JS, Akhter N, Rabaan AA, et al. Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Serious Threat for Global Public Health. Healthcare. 2023;11(13):1946. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11131946; PMCID: PMC10340576; PMID: 37444780
10. Phaniendra A, Jestadi DB, Periyasamy L. Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2015;30(1):11-26. DOI: 10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0; PMCID: PMC4310837; PMID: 25646037
11. Chaudhary P, Janmeda P, Docea AO, Yeskaliyeva B, Razis AFA, Modu B, et al. Oxidative stress, free radicals and antioxidants: potential crosstalk in the pathophysiology of human diseases. Front Chem. 2023;11:1158198. DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1158198
12. Guleria S, Vikas K, Shikha RC, Nitin S, Anuradha S, Prem KK, et al. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract and its fractions from fruit and leaves of Terminalia chebula from Himachai Pradesh, India. Plant Arch. 2020;2(2):4753-61.
13. Aisyah AN, Lukitaningsih E, Rumiyati, Sami FJ, Khairi N, Marwati, Khairuddin, et al. Comparative study of antioxidant effect from extract and fraction of Paku Atai Merah (Angiopteris ferox Coupel). IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2022;967;012059. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/976/1/012059
14. Hasnaeni, Wisdawati, Usman S. Pengaruh metode ekstraksi terhadap rendemen dan kadar fenolik ekstrak tanaman kayu beta-beta (Lunasia amara Blanco). J Farmasi Galenika Galenika J Pharm. 2019;5(2):166–74. DOI: 10.22487/j24428744.2019.v5.i2.13599
15. Adiningsih W, Vifta R, Yuswantina R. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol 70% dan ekstrak etanol 96% buah strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acnes. Generics J Res Pharm. 2021;1(1):1-9.
16. Ismail I, Khumaidi A, Putri AD, Primadia R, Syamsidi A, Khaerati K. Standardization of Ethanol Extract of Dioscorea alata L. Variety of Paoateno from Banggai Islands District, Central Sulawesi. J Farmasi Galenika Galenika J Pharm. 2023;9(2):208-23. DOI: 10.22487/j24428744.2023.v9.i2.16065
17. Hayat J, Akodad M, Moumen A, Baghour M, Skalli A, Ezrari S, et al. Phytochemical screening, polyphenols, flavonoids and tannin content, antioxidant activities and FTIR characterization of Marrubium vulgare L. from 2 different localities of Northeast of Morocco. Heliyon. 2020;6(11):e05609. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05609; PMCID: PMC7708819; PMID: 33305038
18. Arnida A, Madani A, Sutomo S. Antioxidant Activity of n-hexane and Etil Acetate Fractions of Bangkal (Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud.) Leaves. Borneo J Pharm. 2023;6(2):147-5. DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v6i2.4738
19. Pratama MRF, Suratno S, Mulyani E. Profile of Thin-Layer Chromatography and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry of Akar Kuning Stem Extract (Arcangelisia flava). Borneo J Pharm. 2018;1(2):72-6. DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v1i2.367
20. Esmaeili AK, Taha RM, Mohajer S, Banisalam B. Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Various Solvent Extracts from In Vivo and In Vitro Grown Trifolium pratense L. (Red Clover). Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:643285. DOI: 10.1155/2015/643285; PMCID: PMC4438149; PMID: 26064936
21. Li H, Li L, Chi Y, Tian Q, Zhou T, Han C, et al. Development of a standardized Gram stain procedure for bacteria and inflammatory cells using an automated staining instrument. Microbiologyopen. 2020;9(9):e1099. DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1099; PMCID: PMC7520987; PMID: 32592452
22. Balouiri M, Sadiki M, Ibnsouda SK. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J Pharm Anal. 2016;6(2):71-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005; PMCID: PMC5762448; PMID: 29403965
23. Baliyan S, Mukhejee R, Priyadarshini A, Vibhuti A, Gupta A, Pandey RP, et al. Determination of Antioxidants by DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of Ficus religiosa. Molecules. 2022;27(4):1326. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041326; PMCID: PMC8878429; PMID: 35209118
24. Sabandar CW, Kamaruddin HS, Insani RN, Amin RT, Zulkifli Z, Tien T. Tentative Identification of Compounds, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of the Edible Part of Benincasa hispida L. fruit (Cucurbitaceae). Borneo J Pharm. 2023;6(2):133-46. DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v6i2.4350
25. Marliana SD, Suryanti V, Suyono S. The phytochemical screenings and thin layer chromatography analysis of chemical compounds in ethanol extract of labu siam fruit (Sechium edule Jacq. Swartz.). Asian J Nat Prod Biochem. 2005;3(1):26–31. DOI: 10.13057/biofar/f030106
26. Kowalska T, Sajewicz M. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) in the Screening of Botanicals-Its Versatile Potential and Selected Applications. Molecules. 2022;27(19):6607. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196607; PMCID: PMC9572063; PMID: 36235143
27. De R, Jo KW, Kim KT. Influence of Molecular Structures on Fluorescence of Flavonoids and Their Detection in Mammalian Cells. Biomedicines. 2022;10(6):1265. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061265; PMCID: PMC9220233; PMID: 35740288
28. Krisyanella, Susilawati N, Rivai H. Pembuatan dan karakterisasi serta penentuan kadar flavonoid dari ekstrak kering herba meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.). J Farmasi Higea. 2013;5(1):9-21. DOI: 10.52689/higea.v5i1.72
29. Chen HY, Chen C. Evaluation of Calibration Equations by Using Regression Analysis: An Example of Chemical Analysis. Sensors. 2022;22(2):447. DOI: 10.3390/s22020447; PMCID: PMC8780995; PMID: 35062413
30. Dibacto REK, Tchuente BRT, Nguedjo MW, Tientcheu YMT, Nyobe EC, Edoun FLE, et al. Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Some Varieties of Persea americana Peels Consumed in Cameroon. ScientificWorldJournal. 2021;2021:8882594. DOI: 10.1155/2021/8882594; PMCID: PMC8084670; PMID: 33976588
31. Kefayati Z, Motamed SM, Shojaii A, Noori M, Ghods R. Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of the Extract and Subfractions of Euphorbia splendida Mobayen. Pharmacognosy Res. 2017;9(4):362-5. DOI: 10.4103/pr.pr_12_17; PMCID: PMC5717788; PMID: 29263629
32. Suoth JAT, Sudewi S, Wewengkang DS. Analisis korelasi antara flavonoid total dengan aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak dan fraksi daun gedi hijau (Abelmoschus manihot L.). Pharmacon. 2019;8(3):591-600. DOI: 10.35799/pha.8.2019.29336
33. Kim SJ, Chang J, Singh M. Peptidoglycan architecture of Gram-positive bacteria by solid-state NMR. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015;1848(1 Pt B):350-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.05.031; PMCID: PMC4258515; PMID: 24915020
34. Silhavy TJ, Kahne D, Walker S. The bacterial cell envelope. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2010;2(5):a000414. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a000414; PMCID: PMC2857177; PMID: 20452953
35. Sychrová A, Škovranová G, Čulenová M, Fialová SB. Prenylated Flavonoids in Topical Infections and Wound Healing. Molecules. 2022;27(14):4491. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144491; PMCID: PMC9323352; PMID: 35889363
36. Turahman T, Sari GNF. Antibacterial Activity of Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana) Leaf Extracts and Fractions Against Staphylococcus aureus. J Farmasi Indones. 2018;15(2):115–22. DOI: 10.31001/jfi.v15i2.453
37. Budiansyah A, Haroen U, Syafwan S, Kurniawan K. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the rhizome extract of Curcuma zedoaria extracted using some organic solvents. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2023;10(3):347-60. DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j687; PMCID: PMC10636071; PMID: 37969790
38. Ouchari L, Boukeskasse A, Bouizgarne B, Ouhdouch Y. Antimicrobial potential of actinomycetes isolated from the unexplored hot Merzouga desert and their taxonomic diversity. Biol Open. 2019;8(2):bio035410. DOI: 10.1242/bio.035410; PMCID: PMC6398458; PMID: 30127092
39. Molyneux P. The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2004;26(2):211-9.
40. Shahidi F, Zhong Y. Measurement of antioxidant activity. J Funct Foods. 2015;18(B):757-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.047
Authors
1.
Esati NK, La EOJ, Sudiasih NP, Saniasih NND. Total Flavonoid Levels in n-hexane and Ethyl Acetate Fractions of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Leaves and Their Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2024Feb.29 [cited 2024Apr.29];7(1):51-62. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/4034
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