Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemicals of Locally Consumed Plant Foods from Baguio City, Philippines
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Submitted
31 December 2022
Published
31 May 2023
Keywords:
-
Antioxidant, Plant Foods, Baguio
Abstract
In the Philippines, Baguio City – known as the “City of Pines” – holds the country’s major source of temperate climate vegetables. With increased dietary awareness, the consumption of plant foods rich in antioxidants has become relevant. Twenty-nine methanolic extracts from Baguio-produced plant foods were evaluated for antioxidant potential using DPPH, ferric reduction antioxidant power (FRAP), metal chelation, superoxide anion, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, MTT reduction, and phytochemical tests. Fagopyrum tataricum leaves, Vaccinium myrtoides fruit, and Morus alba fruit showed the most effective DPP radical, concentration-dependent reducing power, but low metal chelating activity. Solanum tuberosum tuber (22.86±63.26%) showed effective concentration-dependent chelating activity at 125 μg/mL. Citrus aurantium fruit (26.77±9.24%) and Raphanus raphanistrum root (41.13±0.11%) demonstrated an effective scavenging activity against superoxide anions at 45.5 μg/mL. Significant nitric oxide scavenging activity was observed in some fruits. Brassica oleracea Cab leaves (54.36 ± 2.38%) showed the highest inhibitory activity against hydroxyl radicals at 166.7 μg/mL. Phytochemical analyses showed that most plant samples revealed the presence of glycosides, terpenes/terpenoids, and steroids/phytosterols, while few contained phenolic and tannin components. These phytochemicals may explain the dual behavior as an antioxidant or a prooxidant observed. Thus, determining food antioxidant component types and their concentration is necessary to maximize the potential to scavenge oxidants.
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References
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4. Parcheta M, Świsłocka R, Orzechowska S, Akimowicz M, Choińska R, Lewandowski W. Recent Developments in Effective Antioxidants: The Structure and Antioxidant Properties. Materials. 2021;14(8):1984. doi:10.3390/ma14081984
5. Yu GFB, Cabrera RCR, Bueno PRP, Sia IC. The Antioxidant Activity of Plant Foods from Quezon Province, Philippines. Acta Med Philipp. 2020;54(2):151-60. doi:10.47895/amp.v54i2.1531
6. Cajuday LA, Membreve DMS, Serrano, JE. Evaluation of the antioxidant and anticancer activities of Canarium ovatum (Burseraceae) pulp extracts. Int J Biosci. 2017;11(3):247-56. doi:10.12692/ijb/11.3.247-256
7. Ragasa CY, Torres OB, Gutierrez JMP, Kristiansen HPB, Shen CC. Triterpenes and Acylglycerols from Canarium ovatum. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2015;5(4):94-100. doi:10.7324/japs.2015.50416
8. Morales-Soto A, García-Salas P, Rodríguez-Pérez C, Jiménez-Sánchez C, Cádiz-Gurrea MdlL, Segura-Carretero A, et al. Antioxidant capacity of 44 cultivars of fruits and vegetables grown in Andalusia (Spain). Food Res Int. 2014;58:35–46. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2014.01.050
9. Barcelo, R. Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Edible Wild Fruits in Benguet, Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippines. Electron J Bio. 2015;11(3):80-9.
10. Agoot, L. CAR contributes 1-M kilos veggies to PH food sustainability. Philippine News Agency. Available from: https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1136896
11. Prasad MP, Shekhar S, Amit B. Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant potential of Piper species and its Molecular Characterization by RAPD Markers. Int J Fundam Appl Sci. 2012;1(4):71-4.
12. Kuntal DAS, Dang R, Sivaraman G, Ellath RP. Phytochemical Screening for Various Secondary Metabolites, Antioxidant, and Anthelmintic Activity of Coscinium fenestratum Fruit Pulp: A New Biosource for Novel Drug Discovery. Turk J Pharm Sci. 2018;15(2):156-65. doi:10.4274/tjps.54376
13. Subhashini N, Thangathirupathi A, Lavanya N. Antioxidant Activity of Trigonella foenum graecum using various in vitro and ex vivo models. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011;3(2):96-102.
14. Bueno PRP, Buno CBM, Santos DL, Santiago LA. Antioxidant activity of Ficus pseudopalma Blanco and its cytotoxic effect on hepatocellular carcinoma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Curr Res Biol Pharma Sci. 2013;2(2):14-21.
15. Alam MN, Bristi NJ, Rafiquzzaman M. Review on in vivo and in vitro methods evaluation of antioxidant activity. Saudi Pharm J. 2013;21(2):143-52. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2012.05.002
16. Hazra B, Biswas S, Mandal N. Antioxidant, and free radical scavenging activity of Spondias pinnata. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2008;8:63. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-8-63
17. Subhadradevi S, Asokkumar K, Umamaheswari M, Sivashanmugam A, Sankaranand R. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Vetiveria zizanioides Root Extract. Tanzan J Health Res. 2010;12(4):276-81.
18. Liu Y, Nair MG. An efficient and economical MTT assay for determining the antioxidant activity of plant natural product extracts and pure compounds. J Nat Prod. 2010;73(7):1193-5. doi:10.1021/np1000945
19. Cornago DF, Rumbaoa RG, Geronimo IM. Philippine Yam (Dioscorea spp.) Tubers Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity. Philipp J Sci. 2011;140(2):145-52.
20. Akar Z, Küçük M, Doğan H. A new colorimetric DPPH Scavenging activity method with no need for a spectrophotometer applied on synthetic and natural antioxidants and medicinal herbs. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2017;32(1):640–7.doi:10.1080/14756366.2017.1284068
21. Adebiyi O, Olayemi FO, Ning-Hua T, Guang-Zhi Z. In vitro antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of ethanol extract of stem and leaf of Grewia carpinifolia. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 2017;6(1):10-4. doi:10.1016/j.bjbas.2016.12.003
22. Wajid M, Uzair M, Chaudhary BA. Phytochemical Screening Antioxidant and Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Fagopyrum tataricum L. Extract. J Pharm Res Int. 2017;18(6):1-6. doi:10.9734/jpri/2017/36067
23. Galvez MAC. Evaluation of DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Selected Folkloric Medicinal Plants in Tinoc, Ifugao, Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippines. Int J Sci Res Publ. 2015;5(12):440-5.
24. Park E, Song JH, Kim GN, Kim HO. Anti-oxidant and Anti-obese Effects of Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaf Extract in 3T3-L1 Cells. Korean J Aes Cosmetol. 2015;13(1):19-26.
25. Gan YZ, Azrina A. Antioxidant properties of selected varieties of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) commercially available in Malaysia. Int Food Res J. 2016;23(6):2357-62.
26. Llorach R, Martínez-Sánchez A, Tomás-Barberán FA, Gil MI, Ferreres F. Characterisation of polyphenols and antioxidant properties of five lettuce varieties and escarole. Food Chem. 2008;108(3):1028-38. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.11.032
27. Upadhyay R, Sehwag S, Singh SP. Antioxidant Activity and Polyphenol Content of Brassica oleracea Varieties. Int J Veg Sci. 2016;22(4):353-63. doi:10.1080/19315260.2015.1048403
28. Maharana L, Kar DM, Pattnaik S, Sahu PK, Si SC. In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Solanum nigrum L. Pharmacologyonline. 2010;3:333-45.
29. Youn JS, Kim Y-J, Na HJ, Jung HR, Song CK, Kang SY, Kim, JY. Antioxidant activity and contents of leaf extracts obtained from Dendropanax morbifera LEV are dependent on the collecting season and extraction conditions. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2019;28(1):201-7. doi:10.1007/s10068-018-0352-y
30. Chou ST, Chao WW, Chun YC. Antioxidative activity and safety of 50% ethanolic red bean extract (Phaseolus radiatus L. var. Aurea). J Food Sci. 2003;68(1):21-5. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb14108.x
31. Mann S, Gupta D, Gupta R. Evaluation of nutritional and antioxidant potential of Indian Buckwheat grains. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2012; 11(1):40-4.
32. Bunea A, Rugina OD, Pintea AM, Sconţa Z, Bunea CI, Socaciu C. Comparative Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activities of Some Wild and Cultivated Blueberries from Romania. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj Napoca. 2011;39(2):70-6. doi:10.15835/nbha3926265
33. Ranjan B, Kumar R, Verma N, Mittal S, Pakrasi PL, Kumar RV. Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Properties of S-1708 Mulberry Variety. Pharmacogn Mag. 2017;13(Suppl 2):S280–8. doi:10.4103/pm.pm_490_16
34. Subramanian R, Subbramaniyan P, Raj V. Antioxidant activity of the stem bark of Shorea roxburghii and its silver reducing power. Springerplus. 2013;2(1):28. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-28
35. Llorach R, Tomás-Barberán FA, Ferreres F. Lettuce and chicory byproducts as a source of antioxidant phenolic extracts. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(16):5109-16. doi:10.1021/jf040055a
36. Gupta SP. Roles of metals in human health. MOJ Bioorg Org Chem. 2018;2(5):221-4. doi:10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00085
37. Ferreira CA, Ni D, Rosenkrans ZT, Cai W. Scavenging of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with nanomaterials. Nano Res. 2018;11(10):4955-84. doi:10.1007/s12274-018-2092-y
38. Shehta N, Kamel AE, Sobhy E, Ismail ME. Malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels in patients with epilepsy: a case–control study. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg, 2022;58:51. doi:10.1186/s41983-022-00479-5
39. Flora SJS, Pachauri V. Chelation in Metal Intoxication. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010;7(7):2745–88. doi:10.3390/ijerph7072745
40. Hatcher HC, Singh RN, Torti FM, Torti SV. Synthetic and natural iron chelators: therapeutic potential and clinical use. Future Med Chem. 2009;1(9):1643–70. doi:10.4155/fmc.09.121
41. Shubina VS, Shatalin YV. Antioxidant and iron-chelating properties of taxifolin and its condensation product with glyoxylic acid. J Food Sci Technol. 2017;54(6):1467-75. doi:10.1007/s13197-017-2573-0
42. Rumbaoa RG, Cornago DF, Geronimo I. Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of Philippine potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers. J Food Compos Anal. 2009;22(6):546-50. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2008.11.004
43. Lee SH, Oh SH, Hwang IG, Kim HY, Woo KS, Woo, SH, et al. Antioxidant Contents and Antioxidant Activities of White and Colored Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). Prev Nutr Food Sci. 2016;21(2):110–6. doi:10.3746/pnf.2016.21.2.110
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Authors
1.
Bueno PRP, Cabrera RCR, Yu GFB. Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemicals of Locally Consumed Plant Foods from Baguio City, Philippines. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2023May31 [cited 2024Dec.23];6(2):190-207. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/4546
Copyright (c) 2023 Paolo Robert P. Bueno, Rachel Camille R. Cabrera, Gracia Fe B. Yu
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