Multiple Sclerosis: Current Knowledge of the Pathology and Use of Monoclonal Antibodies as a Promising Therapy

Josué Castellón-Arias (1) , Luana Gazel-Meléndez (2) , Rebeca Guido-Villalobos (3) , Ariela Jiménez-Díaz (4) , Johana Valera-Rangel (5) , Juan José Mora-Román (6)
(1) Universidad de Costa Rica , Costa Rica
(2) Universidad de Costa Rica , Costa Rica
(3) Universidad de Costa Rica , Costa Rica
(4) Universidad de Costa Rica , Costa Rica
(5) Universidad de Costa Rica , Costa Rica
(6) Universidad de Costa Rica , Costa Rica

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune condition characterized by an inflammatory condition and neuron demyelination, leading to a significant deterioration in the patient's quality of life as the disease progresses. The immune system reactivity in this pathology is mainly mediated by reactive T lymphocytes against myelin. The harmful substances production and proinflammatory cell infiltration occur. Currently, there is no cure, so treatment focuses on reducing the development of the individual's long-term disability by addressing symptoms, acute exacerbations, and slowing progress. The traditional treatment includes immunosuppressive substances such as corticosteroids and interferons. However, an approach to more specific, highly effective therapies such as monoclonal antibodies is currently being sought. Ofatumumab, ocrelizumab, alemtuzumab, and rituximab are commercialized monoclonal antibodies. Likewise, therapies in the research phase, such as ublituximab, inebilizumab, GNbAC1, and elezanumab, can be found. Therefore, research must continue to have more information to increase the availability of therapeutic options for patients.

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Author Biographies

Josué Castellón-Arias, Universidad de Costa Rica

Undergraduate Pharmacy Study Program, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

Luana Gazel-Meléndez, Universidad de Costa Rica

Undergraduate Pharmacy Study Program, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

Rebeca Guido-Villalobos, Universidad de Costa Rica

Undergraduate Pharmacy Study Program, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

Ariela Jiménez-Díaz, Universidad de Costa Rica

Undergraduate Pharmacy Study Program, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

Johana Valera-Rangel, Universidad de Costa Rica

Undergraduate Pharmacy Study Program, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

Juan José Mora-Román, Universidad de Costa Rica

Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica

1.
Castellón-Arias J, Gazel-Meléndez L, Guido-Villalobos R, Jiménez-Díaz A, Valera-Rangel J, Mora-Román JJ. Multiple Sclerosis: Current Knowledge of the Pathology and Use of Monoclonal Antibodies as a Promising Therapy. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2023Nov.30 [cited 2025Apr.16];6(4):386-405. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/5317

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