Comparative Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Activities in the Flowers and Stalks of Tulbaghia violacea
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Submitted
3 November 2023
Published
29 February 2024
Keywords:
-
Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Phytochemical sceening, Tulbaghia violacea
Abstract
Tulbaghia violacea is indigenous to Southern Africa and has been used extensively in traditional medicine in this region. Extensive research has been documented on the bioactive compounds found in the leaves and roots but not in the flowers and stalks. Thus, this study assessed the phytochemical profile and biological activities in the flowers and stalks of T. violacea. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of the air and freeze-dried T. violacea were screened for phytochemicals, and then antioxidant and antibacterial assays were performed. Phytochemicals such as phenols, tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, and terpenoids are present in either of the tested plant parts. The flowers contain most of the phytochemicals being tested and a higher total phenolic, tannin, and proanthocyanidin content than the stalks. The flowers exhibit the strongest scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenylpicryhydrazyl radicals and metal oxidants. The hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities show that the aqueous flower extracts have a higher radical scavenging activity than stalks. In contrast, the methanolic stalk extracts have a higher antioxidant activity than the flowers. Antibacterial activity is only exhibited in the flowers, showing resistant and intermediate inhibition zones of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus growth, respectively. This study validates the use of T. violacea in traditional medicine, and these results are significant for conserving the species as specific plant parts can be harvested to treat specific ailments. This study suggests the potential application of T. violacea, particularly the flowers and stalks, in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors.
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17. Roghini R, Vijayalakshmi K. Phytochemical Screening, Quantitative Analysis of Flavonoids and Minerals in Ethanolic Extract of Citrus paradisi. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2018;9(11):4859-64. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(11).4859-64
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20. Rajkumar G, Panambara PAHR, Sanmugarajah V. Comparative Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Evaluation of Selected Leaves of Medicinal Plants in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Borneo J Pharm. 2022;5(2):93–103. DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v5i2.3091
21. Basson DC, Teffo TK, Risenga IM. A Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity Analysis in the Leaves, Stems and Roots of Portulacaria afra. J HerbMed Pharmacol. 2022;12(1):109–17. DOI: 10.34172/jhp.2023.10
22. Ullah A, Munir S, Badshah SL, Khan N, Ghani L, Poulson BG, et al. Important Flavonoids and Their Role as a Therapeutic Agent. Molecules. 2020;25(22):5243. doi: 10.3390/molecules25225243; PMCID: PMC7697716; PMID: 33187049
23. Teffo TK, Dukhan S, Ramalepe P, Risenga IM. Comparative Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities in the Leaves, Underground Stems and Roots of Bulbine abyssinica. Biomed Pharmacol J. 2022;15(3):1323–35. DOI: 10.13005/bpj/2469
24. Al-Snafi AE. Oils and Fats Contents of Medicinal Plants, as Natural Ingredients for Many Therapeutic Purposes- a Review. IOSR J Pharm. 2020;10(7):1-41.
25. Yang W, Chen X, Li Y, Guo S, Wang Z, Yu X. Advances in Pharmacological Activities of Terpenoids. Nat Prod Commun. 2020;15(3):1934578X2090355. DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20903555
26. Fan M, Yuan S, Li L, Zheng J, Zhao D, Wang C, et al. Application of Terpenoid Compounds in Food and Pharmaceutical Products. Fermentation. 2023;9(2):119. DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020119
27. Haruna S, Aliyu BS, Bala A. Plant Gum Exudates (Karau) and Mucilages, Their Biological Sources, Properties, Uses and Potential Applications: A Review. Bayero J Pure Appl Sci. 2016;9(2):159-65. DOI: 10.4314/bajopas.v9i2.30
28. de Jongh S, Vissers MN, Rol P, Bakker HD, Kastelein JJP, Stroes ESG. Plant Sterols Lower LDL Cholesterol without Improving Endothelial Function in Prepubertal Children with Familial Hypercholesterolaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2003;26(4):343-52. DOI: 10.1023/a:1025155002348; PMID: 12971422
29. Cabral CE, Klein MRST. Phytosterols in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;109(5):475-82. DOI: 10.5935/abc.20170158; PMCID: PMC5729784; PMID: 29267628
30. Ríos JL. Effects of Triterpenes on the Immune System. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128(1):1-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.12.045; PMID: 20079412
31. Farooqui AA. Chapter 9 - Use of phytochemicals for the treatment of insulin resistance–linked visceral and neurological disorders. In: Farooqui AA, editor. Insulin Resistance as a Risk Factor in Visceral and Neurological Disorders. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press; 2020. pp. 385–438. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819603-8.00009-2
32. Kahkeshani N, Farzaei F, Fotouhi M, Alavi SS, Bahramsoltani R, Naseri R, et al. Pharmacological Effects of Gallic Acid in Health and diseases: a Mechanistic Review. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2019;22(3):225-37. DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.32806.7897; PMCID: PMC6528712; PMID: 31156781
33. David AVA, Arulmoli R, Parasuraman S. Overviews of Biological Importance of Quercetin: A Bioactive Flavonoid. Pharmacogn Rev. 2016;10(20):84-9. DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.194044; PMCID: PMC5214562; PMID: 28082789
34. Fan FY, Sang LX, Jiang M. Catechins and Their Therapeutic Benefits to Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Molecules. 2017;22(3):484. DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030484; PMCID: PMC6155401; PMID: 28335502
35. Aruoma OI. Free radicals, Oxidative stress, and Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1998;75(2):199-212. DOI: 10.1007/s11746-998-0032-9; PMCID: PMC7101596; PMID: 32287334
36. Chaudhary P, Janmeda P, Docea AO, Yeskaliyeva B, Faizal A, Modu B, et al. Oxidative stress, Free Radicals and antioxidants: Potential Crosstalk in the Pathophysiology of Human Diseases. Front Chem. 2023;11:1158198. DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1158198; PMCID: PMC10206224; PMID: 37234200
37. Olszowy-Tomczyk M. How to Express the Antioxidant Properties of Substances properly? Chem Papers. 2021;75(12):6157–67. DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01799-1
38. Aykul S, Martinez-Hackert E. Determination of half-maximal Inhibitory Concentration Using biosensor-based Protein Interaction Analysis. Anal Biochem. 2016;508:97–103. DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.06.025; PMCID: PMC4955526; PMID: 27365221
39. Takaidza S, Mtunzi F, Pillay M. Analysis of the Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Crude Extracts from Tulbaghia Species. J Tradit Chin Med. 2018;38(2):272-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.005; PMID: 32186066
40. Okoro IO. Effects of Extraction Solvents on the Antioxidant and Phytochemical Activities of Manihot Esculenta Leaves. Iran J Toxicol. 2020;14(1):51–8. DOI: 10.32598/ijt.14.1.51
41. Gambushe SM, Zishiri OT, El Zowalaty ME. Review of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Prevalence, Pathogenicity, Heavy Metal and Antimicrobial Resistance, African Perspective. Infect Drug Resist. 2022;15:4645-73. DOI: 10.2147/idr.s365269; PMCID: PMC9420067; PMID: 36039321
2. Cock IE, Van Vuuren SF. The traditional use of southern African medicinal plants for the treatment of bacterial respiratory diseases: A review of the ethnobotany and scientific evaluations. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;263:113204. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113204; PMCID: PMC7383173; PMID: 32730881
3. Mahapatra AD, Bhowmik P, Banerjee A, Das A, Ojha D, Chattopadhyay D. Chapter 3 - Ethnomedicinal Wisdom: An Approach for Antiviral Drug Development. In: Khan MSA, Ahmad I, Chattophadhyay, editors. New Look to Phytomedicine: Advancements in Herbal Products as Novel Drug Leads. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press; 2019. pp. 35–61. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-814619-4.00003-3; PMCID: PMC7149776
4. Magtalas MC, Balbin PT, Cruz EC, Clemente RF, Buan AKG, Garcia JP, et al. Ethnomedicinal plants used for the prevention and treatment of anemia in the Philippines: a systematic review. Trop Med Health. 2023;51(1):27. DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00515-x; PMCID: PMC10176884; PMID: 37170350
5. Fibrich BD, Lall N. Chapter 10 - Maximizing Medicinal Plants: Steps to Realizing Their Full Potential. In: Lall N, editor. Medicinal Plants for Holistic Health and Well-Being. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press; 2018. pp. 297–300. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-812475-8.00010-X
6. Madike LN, Takaidza S, Ssemakalu C, Pillay M. Genotoxicity of aqueous extracts of Tulbaghia violacea as determined through an Allium cepa assay. S Afr J Sci. 2019;115(1/2):4391. DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2019/4391
7. Danquah CA, Minkah PAB, Agana TA, Moyo P, Ofori M, Doe P, et al. The Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Tulbaghia, Allium, Crinum and Cyrtanthus: 'Talented' Taxa from the Amaryllidaceae. Molecules. 2022;27(14):4475. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144475; PMCID: PMC9316996; PMID: 35889346
8. Styger G, Aboyade OM, Gibson D, Hughes G. Tulbaghia--A Southern African Phytomedicine. J Altern Complement Med. 2016;22(4):255-61. DOI: 10.1089/acm.2014.0406; PMID: 27008423
9. Moodley K, Joseph K, Naidoo Y, Islam S, Mackraj I. Antioxidant, antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Wild garlic) rhizome methanolic extract in a diabetic rat model. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;15:408. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0932-9; PMCID: PMC4647322; PMID: 26577219
10. Frontini A, De Bellis L, Luvisi A, Blando F, Allah SM, Dimita R, et al. The green leaf vlatile (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate is differently emitted by varieties of Tulbaghia violacea plants routinely and after wounding. Plants. 2022;11(23):3305. DOI: 10.3390/plants11233305; PMCID: PMC9739665; PMID: 36501344
11. Phelan S, Douglas G, Hunter A. Micropropagation and growth regulation of Tulbaghia violacea Silver Lace. Acta Hortic. 2007;764:113-8. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.764.13
12. Kulkarni MG, Sparg SG, van Staden J. Influence of temperature and watering frequencies on seed germination and seedling growth of Ornithogalum longibracteatum and Tulbaghia violacea. Sci Hortic. 2005;107(1):103-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2005.08.001
13. Madike LN, Takaidza S, Pillay M. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extracts from the Leaves, Stems, and Roots of Tulbaghia violacea. Int J Pharmacogn Phyto Res. 2017;9(10):1300-8. DOI: 10.25258/phyto.v9i10.10453
14. Krstin S, Sobeh M, Braun MS, Wink M. Tulbaghia violacea and Allium ursinum Extracts Exhibit Anti-Parasitic and Antimicrobial Activities. Molecules. 2018;23(2):313. DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020313; PMCID: PMC6017524; PMID: 29393867
15. Turabi KS, Sannakki JA, Aich J, Garse S, Iyer D, Devarajan S. Chapter 10 - Computational screening of phytochemicals for anti-bacterial drug discovery. In: Egbuna C, Rudrapal M, Tijjani H, editors. Phytochemistry, Computational Tools and Databases in Drug Discovery. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2023. pp. 213–43. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90593-0.00011-3
16. Takaidza S, Mtunzi F, Pillay M. Analysis of the phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities of crude extracts from Tulbaghia species. J Tradit Chin Med. 2018;38(2):272-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.005
17. Roghini R, Vijayalakshmi K. Phytochemical Screening, Quantitative Analysis of Flavonoids and Minerals in Ethanolic Extract of Citrus paradisi. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2018;9(11):4859-64. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(11).4859-64
18. Shaikh JR, Patil M. Qualitative tests for preliminary phytochemical screening: An overview. Int J Chem Stud. 2020;8(2):603–8. DOI: 10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i2i.8834
19. Khan H, Pervaiz A, Intagliata S, Das N, Venkata KCN, Atanasov AG, et al. The analgesic potential of glycosides derived from medicinal plants. Daru. 2020;28(1):387–401. DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00319-7; PMCID: PMC7214601; PMID: 32060737
20. Rajkumar G, Panambara PAHR, Sanmugarajah V. Comparative Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Evaluation of Selected Leaves of Medicinal Plants in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Borneo J Pharm. 2022;5(2):93–103. DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v5i2.3091
21. Basson DC, Teffo TK, Risenga IM. A Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity Analysis in the Leaves, Stems and Roots of Portulacaria afra. J HerbMed Pharmacol. 2022;12(1):109–17. DOI: 10.34172/jhp.2023.10
22. Ullah A, Munir S, Badshah SL, Khan N, Ghani L, Poulson BG, et al. Important Flavonoids and Their Role as a Therapeutic Agent. Molecules. 2020;25(22):5243. doi: 10.3390/molecules25225243; PMCID: PMC7697716; PMID: 33187049
23. Teffo TK, Dukhan S, Ramalepe P, Risenga IM. Comparative Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities in the Leaves, Underground Stems and Roots of Bulbine abyssinica. Biomed Pharmacol J. 2022;15(3):1323–35. DOI: 10.13005/bpj/2469
24. Al-Snafi AE. Oils and Fats Contents of Medicinal Plants, as Natural Ingredients for Many Therapeutic Purposes- a Review. IOSR J Pharm. 2020;10(7):1-41.
25. Yang W, Chen X, Li Y, Guo S, Wang Z, Yu X. Advances in Pharmacological Activities of Terpenoids. Nat Prod Commun. 2020;15(3):1934578X2090355. DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20903555
26. Fan M, Yuan S, Li L, Zheng J, Zhao D, Wang C, et al. Application of Terpenoid Compounds in Food and Pharmaceutical Products. Fermentation. 2023;9(2):119. DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020119
27. Haruna S, Aliyu BS, Bala A. Plant Gum Exudates (Karau) and Mucilages, Their Biological Sources, Properties, Uses and Potential Applications: A Review. Bayero J Pure Appl Sci. 2016;9(2):159-65. DOI: 10.4314/bajopas.v9i2.30
28. de Jongh S, Vissers MN, Rol P, Bakker HD, Kastelein JJP, Stroes ESG. Plant Sterols Lower LDL Cholesterol without Improving Endothelial Function in Prepubertal Children with Familial Hypercholesterolaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2003;26(4):343-52. DOI: 10.1023/a:1025155002348; PMID: 12971422
29. Cabral CE, Klein MRST. Phytosterols in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;109(5):475-82. DOI: 10.5935/abc.20170158; PMCID: PMC5729784; PMID: 29267628
30. Ríos JL. Effects of Triterpenes on the Immune System. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128(1):1-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.12.045; PMID: 20079412
31. Farooqui AA. Chapter 9 - Use of phytochemicals for the treatment of insulin resistance–linked visceral and neurological disorders. In: Farooqui AA, editor. Insulin Resistance as a Risk Factor in Visceral and Neurological Disorders. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press; 2020. pp. 385–438. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819603-8.00009-2
32. Kahkeshani N, Farzaei F, Fotouhi M, Alavi SS, Bahramsoltani R, Naseri R, et al. Pharmacological Effects of Gallic Acid in Health and diseases: a Mechanistic Review. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2019;22(3):225-37. DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.32806.7897; PMCID: PMC6528712; PMID: 31156781
33. David AVA, Arulmoli R, Parasuraman S. Overviews of Biological Importance of Quercetin: A Bioactive Flavonoid. Pharmacogn Rev. 2016;10(20):84-9. DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.194044; PMCID: PMC5214562; PMID: 28082789
34. Fan FY, Sang LX, Jiang M. Catechins and Their Therapeutic Benefits to Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Molecules. 2017;22(3):484. DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030484; PMCID: PMC6155401; PMID: 28335502
35. Aruoma OI. Free radicals, Oxidative stress, and Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1998;75(2):199-212. DOI: 10.1007/s11746-998-0032-9; PMCID: PMC7101596; PMID: 32287334
36. Chaudhary P, Janmeda P, Docea AO, Yeskaliyeva B, Faizal A, Modu B, et al. Oxidative stress, Free Radicals and antioxidants: Potential Crosstalk in the Pathophysiology of Human Diseases. Front Chem. 2023;11:1158198. DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1158198; PMCID: PMC10206224; PMID: 37234200
37. Olszowy-Tomczyk M. How to Express the Antioxidant Properties of Substances properly? Chem Papers. 2021;75(12):6157–67. DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01799-1
38. Aykul S, Martinez-Hackert E. Determination of half-maximal Inhibitory Concentration Using biosensor-based Protein Interaction Analysis. Anal Biochem. 2016;508:97–103. DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.06.025; PMCID: PMC4955526; PMID: 27365221
39. Takaidza S, Mtunzi F, Pillay M. Analysis of the Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Crude Extracts from Tulbaghia Species. J Tradit Chin Med. 2018;38(2):272-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcm.2018.04.005; PMID: 32186066
40. Okoro IO. Effects of Extraction Solvents on the Antioxidant and Phytochemical Activities of Manihot Esculenta Leaves. Iran J Toxicol. 2020;14(1):51–8. DOI: 10.32598/ijt.14.1.51
41. Gambushe SM, Zishiri OT, El Zowalaty ME. Review of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Prevalence, Pathogenicity, Heavy Metal and Antimicrobial Resistance, African Perspective. Infect Drug Resist. 2022;15:4645-73. DOI: 10.2147/idr.s365269; PMCID: PMC9420067; PMID: 36039321
Authors
1.
Maleka G, Oyerinde RO, Risenga IM. Comparative Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Activities in the Flowers and Stalks of Tulbaghia violacea. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2024Feb.29 [cited 2024Dec.3];7(1):14-28. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/6035
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