Utilization of Emulgel Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Flesh Extract as a Topical Antioxidant
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Submitted
17 January 2024
Published
30 May 2024
Keywords:
-
Emulgel, Watermelon Flesh Extract, antioxidant stability, characteristic physics test
Abstract
The flesh of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) contains carotenoid compounds that act as antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to determine the variation in the concentration of carbopol 940 on physical properties, irritation tests, and the stability of emulgel antioxidants against temperature and storage time. Evaluation of the physical properties of C. lanatus pulp extract emulgel includes organoleptic, homogeneity, dosage pH, dispersion, adhesion, emulsion type, viscosity as well as hedonic test and irritation test. Antioxidant stability testing of emulgel was carried out for 28 days at three temperature conditions: 4, 25, and 40°C and tested on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 with the DPPH method. The results of the physical properties evaluation meet the requirements with pH values of 5.50–5.57, dispersion 5–6 cm, adhesion <4 seconds, viscosity 5624–15443 cPs, F2 and F3 hedonic tests are preferred by researchers, and irritation tests of all formulas show no irritation symptoms to all refiners. The results of antioxidant stability of emulgel after storage on the 28th day showed an average result of IC50 temperature of 4°C (112.4547 ± 0.1432 mg/L), 25°C (119.3170 ± 0.1966 mg/L), and 40°C (124.1554 ± 0.1317 mg/L). The results of stability analysis show that temperature and storage duration affect antioxidant stability. The higher the temperature and duration of storage, the antioxidant stability of emulgel decreases. Storage of C. lanatus flesh extract emulgel at 4°C was able to maintain antioxidant activity for 28 days of storage.
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References
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4. Yadav SK, Mishra MK, Tiwari A, Shukla A. Emulgel: A New Approach for Enhanced Topical Drug Delivery. Int J Curr Pharm Res. 2016;9(1):15–9. DOI: 10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i1.16628
5. Widayanti A, Fauziah DA, Radjab NS. Formulations Gel of Tuna Bone Collagen (Thunnus albacares) with HPMC as a Gelling Agent. Farmasains J Ilmiah Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2016;3(1):1-6.
6. Habiba SA, Tilarso DP, Putri AE. Pengaruh Konsentrasi Karbomer-940 pada Sediaan Emulgel Minyak Zaitun dan Ekstrak Daun Kelor. J Sains Kesehatan. 2022;4(2):138–46. DOI: 10.25026/jsk.v4i2.894
7. Handayani M, Mita N, Ibrahim A. Formulasi dan Optimasi Basis Emulgel Carbopol 940 dan Trietanolamin dengan Berbagai Variasi Konsentrasi. Proceed Mulawarman Pharm Conf. 2015;1(1):53–60. DOI: 10.25026/mpc.v1i1.8
8. Mursal ILP, Kusumawati AH, Puspasari DH. Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Gelling Agent Carbopol 940 terhadap Sifat Fisik Sediaan Gel Hand Sanitizer Minyak Atsiri Daun Kemangi (Ocimum sanctum L.). Pharma Xplore J Sains Ilmu Farmasi. 2019;4(1):268-77. DOI: 10.36805/jpx.v4i1.617
9. Untari EK, Robiyanto. Uji Fisikokimia dan Uji Iritasi Sabun Antiseptik Kulit Daun Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F. J Jamu Indones. 2018;3(2):55–61. DOI: 10.29244/jji.v3i2.54
10. Nurdianti L, Rosiana D, Aji N. Evaluasi Sediaan Emulgel Anti Jerawat Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Oil dengan Menggunakan HPMC sebagai Gelling Agent. J Pharmacopolium. 2018;1(1):23–31. DOI: 10.36465/jop.v1i1.392
11. Sadeer NB, Montesano D, Albrizio S, Zengin G, Mahomoodally MF. The Versatility of Antioxidant Assays in Food Science and Safety-Chemistry, Applications, Strengths, and Limitations. Antioxidants. 2020;9(8):709. DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080709; PMCID: PMC7464350; PMID: 32764410
12. Baliyan S, Mukherjee R, Priyadashini A, Vibhuti A, Gupta A, Pandey RP, et al. Determination of Antioxidants by DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of Ficus religiosa. Molecules. 2022;27(4):1326. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041326; PMCID: PMC8878429; PMID: 35209118
13. Wulansari ID, Admadi B, Mulyani S. Pengaruh Suhu Penyimpanan terhadap Kerusakan Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Asam (Tamarindus indica L). J Rekayasa Manajemen Agroindustri. 2020;8(4):544-50. DOI: 10.24843/JRMA.2020.v08.i04.p07
14. Sharifi-Rad M, Kumar NVA, Zucca P, Varoni EM, Dini L, Panzarini E, et al. Lifestyle, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Back and Forth in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Diseases. Front Physiol. 2020;11:694. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00694; PMCID: PMC7347016; PMID: 32714204
15. Salin NSM, Saad WMM, Razak HRA, Salim F. Effect of Storage Temperatures on Physico-Chemicals, Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Watermelon Juice (Citrullus lanatus). Metabolites. 2022;12(1):75. DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010075; PMCID: PMC8780985; PMID: 35050198
16. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat. Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2000.
17. Mangiwa S, Maryuni AE. Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Antioksidan Ekstrak Biji Kopi Sangrai Jenis Arabika (Coffea arabica) Asal Wamena dan Moanemani, Papua. J Biol Papua. 2019;11(2):103-9. DOI: 10.31957/jbp.925
18. Pandawangi STW, Bachtiar A, Firmansyah D. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Krim Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava L.) Dan Ekstrak Umbi Wortel (Daucus carota L.) Dengan Menggunakan Metode DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Med Sains J Ilmiah Kefarmasian. 2018;3(1):31-42. DOI: 10.37874/ms.v3i1.62
19. Robby O, Gloria F, Saptawati T. Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lamk) Terhadap Efek Antiinflamasi Sediaan Emulgel. J Penelitian Kesehatan Suara Forikes. 2022;13(2):444-52. DOI: 10.33846/sf13231
20. Nugrahaeni F, Yati K, Sukmara. Pengaruh Variasi Gliseril Monostearat pada Krim Ekstrak Kulit Buah Naga Merah Super (Hylocereus costaricensis) dan Uji Antioksidannya. J Kefarmasian Indones. 2023;13(1):20-9. DOI: 10.22435/jki.v13i1.6099
21. Yenti R, Afrianti R, Qomariah S. Formulasi emulgel ekstrak etanol daun dewa (Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC) untuk pengobatan nyeri sendi terhadap tikus putih Jantan. In: Syam J, Syamsir Y, Editors. Prosiding Seminar Nasional dan Workshop “Perkembangan Terkini Sains Farmasi dan Klinik IV” Tahun 2014. Padang: Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Andalas; 2014. p. 56–63.
22. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Farmakope Indonesia edisi IV. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan; 1995.
23. Saryanti D, Setiawan I, Safitri RA. Optimasi Asam Stearat dan TEA pada Formula Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa paradisiaca L.). J Riset Kefarmasian Indones. 2019;1(3):225-37. DOI: 10.33759/jrki.v1i3.44
24. Mutmainah, Kusmita L, Puspitaningrum I. Pengaruh Perbedaan Konsentrasi Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) terhadap Karakteristik Fisik Sediaan Gel. J Ilmu Farmasi Farmasi Klinik J Pharm Sci Clin Pharm. 2014;11(Special Issue):98-104. DOI: 10.31942/jiffk.v0i0.1209
25. Najib A, Malik A, Ahmad AR, Handayani V, Syarif RA, Waris R. Standarisasi Ekstrak Air Daun Jati Belanda dan Teh Hijau. J Fitofarmaka Indones. 2017;4(2):241-5. DOI: 10.33096/jffi.v4i2.268
26. Qamariah N, Handayani R, Mahendra AI. Uji Hedonik dan Daya Simpan Sediaan Salep Ekstrak Etanol Umbi Hati Tanah. J Surya Medika JSM. 2022;7(2):124-31. DOI: 10.33084/jsm.v7i2.3213
27. Cahnia MS, Lestari U, Sani FK. Formulasi, Uji Efektivitas dan Uji Hedonik Masker Gel Peel Off Kombinasi Ekstrak Rimpang Kunyit (Curcuma longa L.) dan Madu (Mel depuratum) sebagai Peningkat Elastisitas Kulit. Med Sains J Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2022;7(2):177-90. DOI: 10.37874/ms.v7i2.328
28. Setianingsih D, Halim M. Uji Efektivitas dan Uji Stabilitas Formulasi Masker Gel Peel-Off Ekstrak Metanol Kulit Biji Pinang Yaki (Areca vestiaria Giseke). Indones Nat Res Pharm J. 2020;5(1):80-93. DOI: 10.52447/inspj.v5i1.1832
29. Souhoka FA, Hattu N, Huliselan M. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Metanol Biji Kesumba Keling (Bixa orellana L). Indones J Chem Res. 2019;7(1):25-31. DOI: 10.30598//ijcr.2019.7-fas
30. Blois MS. Antioxidant Determinations by the Use of a Stable Free Radical. Nature. 1958;181(4617):1119-200. DOI: 10.1038/1811199a0
31. Voigt R. Buku Pelajaran Teknologi Farmasi, Edisi Kelima. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press; 1995.
32. Kho HE, Azlan A. Tang ST, Lim SM. Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits. Food Nutr Res. 2017;61(1):1361779. DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1361779; PMCID: PMC5613902; PMID: 28970777
33. Stahl E. Analisis Kromatografi dan Mikroskopis Obat. Bandung: ITB Press; 1985.
34. Lung JKS, Destiani DP. Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Vitamin A, C, E dengan metode DPPH. Farmaka. 2018;15(1):53-62. DOI: 10.24198/jf.v15i1.12805
35. Sirohi P, Verma H, Singh SK, Singh VK, Pandey J, Khusharia S, et al. Microalgal Carotenoids: Therapeutic Application and Latest Approaches to Enhance the Production. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2022;44(12):6257-79. DOI: 10.3390/cimb44120427; PMCID: PMC9777246; PMID: 36547088
36. Hakim AR, Saputri R. Narrative Review: Optimasi Etanol sebagai Pelarut Senyawa Flavonoid dan Fenolik. J Surya Medika JSM. 2020;6(1):177-80. DOI: 10.33084/jsm.v6i1.1641
37. Molyneux P. The Use of the Stable Free Radical Diphenylpicryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH) for Estimating Antioxidant Activity. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2004;26(2):211-9.
38. Gulcin I, Alwasel SH. DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay. Processes. 2023;11(8):2248. DOI: 10.3390/pr11082248
39. Sulistiana S, Darijanto ST. Formulasi Dan Evaluasi Mikroemulsi Gel Minyak Chamomile Serta Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan. Indones J Pharm Educ. 2022;2(1):52-66. DOI: 10.37311/ijpe.v2i1.11231
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Authors
1.
Yati K, Nugrahaeni F, Melinda R, Wati LR. Utilization of Emulgel Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Flesh Extract as a Topical Antioxidant. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2024May30 [cited 2024Nov.21];7(2):147-60. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/6599
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