Potential of Moringa oleifera Effervescent Granules as a New Antacid: Micronutrients, Formulation, and Evaluation
Article Sidebar
Submitted
7 August 2024
7 August 2024
Published
28 February 2025
28 February 2025
Abstract
Moringa oleifera, a nutritionally rich plant widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, possesses a diverse array of medicinal properties. This study aimed to develop and evaluate effervescent granules from M. oleifera leaves and seeds, assessing their in vitro acid neutralization capacity (ANC) compared to a commercial antacid. Micronutrient content (calcium and magnesium) of both leaf and seed powders was quantified using flame photometry. Effervescent granules were formulated using wet granulation, and their physicochemical properties were evaluated. The ANC was determined in simulated gastric juice. Results revealed that M. oleifera leaves contained significantly higher calcium and magnesium levels than seeds. Two-way ANOVA demonstrated that both leaf and seed effervescent granules, at 5 and 10 g, exhibited significantly higher ANC than the negative control. Post-hoc Tukey's test further indicated that the leaf granules possessed superior ANC compared to seed granules, and equivalent efficacy to 5 g of the commercial antacid. These findings suggest that M. oleifera leaves and seeds can be effectively formulated into effervescent granules with potent antacid properties. The observed ANC, likely attributed to the high micronutrient content of the leaves, highlights a novel nutraceutical application for M. oleifera as a potential alternative to conventional antacids.
Full text article
Generated from XML file
References
1. Nasim N, Sandeep IS, Mohanty S. Plant-derived natural products for drug discovery: current approaches and prospects. Nucleus. 2022;65(3):399-411. DOI: 10.1007/s13237-022-00405-3; PMCID: PMC9579558; PMID: 36276225
2. Chaachouay N, Zidane L. Plant-Derived Natural Products: A Source for Drug Discovery and Development. Drugs Drug Candidates. 2024;3(1):184-207. DOI: 10.3390/ddc3010011
3. Dias DA, Urban S, Roessner U. A historical overview of natural products in drug discovery. Metabolites. 2012;2(2):303-36. DOI: 10.3390/metabo2020303; PMCID: PMC3901206; PMID: 24957513
4. Peñalver R, Martínez-Zamora L, Lorenzo JM, Ros G, Nieto G. Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Moringa oleifera Leaves in Functional Foods. Foods. 2022;11(8):1107. DOI: 10.3390/foods11081107; PMCID: PMC9030530;PMID: 35454694
5. Gopalakrishnan L, Doriya K, Kumar DS. Moringa oleifera: A Review on Nutritive Importance and its Medicinal Application. Food Sci Hum Wellness. 2016;5(2):49–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2016.04.001
6. Divi SM, Bellamkonda R, Dasireddy SK. Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Potential of Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera in Fructose Fed Insulin Resistant and STZ Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats: A Comparative Study. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2012;5(1):67–72.
7. Toppo R, Roy BK, Gora RH, Baxla SL, Kumar P. Hepatoprotective activity of Moringa oleifera against cadmium toxicity in rats. Vet World. 2015;8(4):537–40. DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.537-540; PMCID: PMC4774807; PMID: 27047130
8. Anwar F, Latif S, Ashraf M, Gilani AH. Moringa oleifera: A Food Plant with Multiple Medicinal Uses. Phytother Res. 2006; 21(1):17–25. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2023; PMID: 17089328
9. Mostoufi A, Bavarsad N, Aryanfar S, Akhgari A. New Natural Marine Antacid Drug from Cuttlebone. Pharm Sci. 2018;24(3):227–34. DOI: 10.15171/PS.2018.33
10. Panda VS, Shinde PM. A Comparative Study of the Antacid Effect of Raw Spinach Juice and Spinach Extract in an Artificial Stomach Model. J Complement Integr Med. 2016;13(4):387–91. DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2016-0032; PMID: 27404904
11. Adi-Dako O, Kumadoh D, Egbi G, Okyem S, Addo PY, Nyarko A, et al. Strategies for formulation of effervescent granules of an herbal product for the management of typhoid fever. Heliyon. 2021;7(10):e08147. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08147; PMCID: PMC8551464; PMID: 34746457
12. Adepu S, Ramakrishna S. Controlled Drug Delivery Systems: Current Status and Future Directions. Molecules. 2021;26(19):5905. DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195905; PMCID: PMC8512302; PMID: 34641447
13. Lambros M, Tran TH, Fei Q, Nicolaou M. Citric Acid: A Multifunctional Pharmaceutical Excipient. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(5):972. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050972; PMCID: PMC9148065; PMID: 35631557
14. Zhang X, Xing H, Zhao Y, Ma Z. Pharmaceutical Dispersion Techniques for Dissolution and Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10(3):74. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030074; PMCID: PMC6161168; PMID: 29937483
15. Parajuli-Baral K. Formulation and Evaluation of Quality Parameters of Effervescent Granules from the Potent Antioxidant between Two Variants of the Adaptogenic Herb Ocimum tenuiflorum L. ScientificWorldJournal. 2023;2023:2050846. DOI: 10.1155/2023/2050846; PMCID: PMC10154098; PMID: 37144025
16. Diyaa ASM, Thomas NV. Formulation and Evaluation of Metronidazole Effervescent Granules. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2018; 9(6):2525-9. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(6).2525-29
17. Jadhav S, Gangurde A. A Bird Eye View on Effervescent Drug Delivery System. Int J Drug Deliv Technol. 2023;13(3):1046-58. DOI: 10.25258/ijddt.13.3.45
18. Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, Greer KB, Yadlapati R, Spechler SJ. ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117(1):27-56. DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001538; PMCID: PMC8754510; PMID: 34807007
19. Baryakova TH, Pogostin BH, Langer R, McHugh KJ. Overcoming barriers to patient adherence: the case for developing innovative drug delivery systems. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2023;22(5):387-409. DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00670-0; PMCID: PMC10041531; PMID: 36973491
20. Hait M, Kashyap NK, Chandel SS, Vaishnav MM. Proximate Analysis of Herbal Drugs: Methods, Relevance, and Quality Control Aspects. In: Izah SC, Ogwu MC, Akram M (Eds). Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Cham: Springer; 2024. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43199-9_42
21. Bertuzzi G, Jin T, Yuan W, Li H, Brzeczko A, Camern L, et al. Effervescent Granulation. In: Parikh DM (Ed). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology. Third edition. Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis; 2010.
22. The United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary. Description and Relative Solubility. In: The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 46th edition National Formulary 41th edition. Rockville (MD): The United States Pharmacopeia; 2023.
23. The United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 43th edition National Formulary 38th edition. Rockville (MD): The United States Pharmacopeia; 2020.
24. Gupta R, Sharma P, Garg A, Soni A, Sahu A, Rai S, et al. Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Effervescent Granules Incorporated with Calliandra Haematocephala Leaves Extract. Indo Am J Pharm Res. 2013;3(6):4366-71.
25. The United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary. Powder Flow Properties. In: The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 46th edition National Formulary 41th edition. Rockville (MD): The United States Pharmacopeia; 2023.
26. Gryczová E., Dvořáčková K., Rabišková M. Evaluation of pellet friability. Čes Slov Farm. 2009;58(1):9-13.
27. Liu P, Zhang M, Mujumdar AS. Comparison of Three Microwave-assisted Drying Methods on the Physiochemical, Nutritional and Sensory Qualities of Re-structured, Purple-fleshed Sweet Potato Granules. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2012;47(1):141–7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02819.x
28. Rani KC, Parfati N, Ekajayani NI, Kurniawan IMA, Kristiani NPW. The Development of Moringa Leaves Effervescent Granules with Effervescent Agent of Citric Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate Karina. Pharmaciana. 2021;11(2):225–38. DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v11i2.20873
29. Wu TH, Chen IC, Chen LC. Antacid Effects of Chinese Herbal Prescriptions Assessed by a Modified Artificial Stomach Model. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(35):4455–9. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i35.4455; PMCID: PMC2941070; PMID: 20845514
30. Fathil NM. The Histological and Physiological Study of Moringa oleifera. Inter J App Sci Technol. 2022;4(30):277-98. DOI: 10.47832/2717-8234.15.7
31. Mbah BO, Eme PE, Paul AE. Effect of Drying Techniques on the Proximate and other Nutrient Composition of Moringa oleifera Leaves from Two Areas in Eastern Nigeria. Pakistan J Nutr. 2012;11(11):1044–8. DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2012.1044.1048
32. Deepa, Kattimani DR, Muruli NV. Nutrient Composition of Dehydrated Drumstick Leaves (Moringa oleifera) Powder. Inter J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2021;10(2):2725–30. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1002.301
33. Basim GB, Khalili M. Particle size analysis on wide size distribution powders; effect of sampling and characterization technique. Adv Powder Technol. 2015;26(1):200-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2014.09.009
34. Aulton ME, Kelvin T. Aulton’s Pharmaceutics: The Design and Manufacture of Medicines. 5th Edition. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2018.
35. Lestari ABS, Natalia L. Optimasi natrium sitrat dan asam fumarat sebagai sumber asam dalam pembuatan granul effervescent ekstrak temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) secara granulasi basah. Majalah Farm Indones. 2007;18(1):21-8.
Read More
2. Chaachouay N, Zidane L. Plant-Derived Natural Products: A Source for Drug Discovery and Development. Drugs Drug Candidates. 2024;3(1):184-207. DOI: 10.3390/ddc3010011
3. Dias DA, Urban S, Roessner U. A historical overview of natural products in drug discovery. Metabolites. 2012;2(2):303-36. DOI: 10.3390/metabo2020303; PMCID: PMC3901206; PMID: 24957513
4. Peñalver R, Martínez-Zamora L, Lorenzo JM, Ros G, Nieto G. Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Moringa oleifera Leaves in Functional Foods. Foods. 2022;11(8):1107. DOI: 10.3390/foods11081107; PMCID: PMC9030530;PMID: 35454694
5. Gopalakrishnan L, Doriya K, Kumar DS. Moringa oleifera: A Review on Nutritive Importance and its Medicinal Application. Food Sci Hum Wellness. 2016;5(2):49–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2016.04.001
6. Divi SM, Bellamkonda R, Dasireddy SK. Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Potential of Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera in Fructose Fed Insulin Resistant and STZ Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats: A Comparative Study. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2012;5(1):67–72.
7. Toppo R, Roy BK, Gora RH, Baxla SL, Kumar P. Hepatoprotective activity of Moringa oleifera against cadmium toxicity in rats. Vet World. 2015;8(4):537–40. DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.537-540; PMCID: PMC4774807; PMID: 27047130
8. Anwar F, Latif S, Ashraf M, Gilani AH. Moringa oleifera: A Food Plant with Multiple Medicinal Uses. Phytother Res. 2006; 21(1):17–25. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2023; PMID: 17089328
9. Mostoufi A, Bavarsad N, Aryanfar S, Akhgari A. New Natural Marine Antacid Drug from Cuttlebone. Pharm Sci. 2018;24(3):227–34. DOI: 10.15171/PS.2018.33
10. Panda VS, Shinde PM. A Comparative Study of the Antacid Effect of Raw Spinach Juice and Spinach Extract in an Artificial Stomach Model. J Complement Integr Med. 2016;13(4):387–91. DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2016-0032; PMID: 27404904
11. Adi-Dako O, Kumadoh D, Egbi G, Okyem S, Addo PY, Nyarko A, et al. Strategies for formulation of effervescent granules of an herbal product for the management of typhoid fever. Heliyon. 2021;7(10):e08147. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08147; PMCID: PMC8551464; PMID: 34746457
12. Adepu S, Ramakrishna S. Controlled Drug Delivery Systems: Current Status and Future Directions. Molecules. 2021;26(19):5905. DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195905; PMCID: PMC8512302; PMID: 34641447
13. Lambros M, Tran TH, Fei Q, Nicolaou M. Citric Acid: A Multifunctional Pharmaceutical Excipient. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(5):972. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050972; PMCID: PMC9148065; PMID: 35631557
14. Zhang X, Xing H, Zhao Y, Ma Z. Pharmaceutical Dispersion Techniques for Dissolution and Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10(3):74. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030074; PMCID: PMC6161168; PMID: 29937483
15. Parajuli-Baral K. Formulation and Evaluation of Quality Parameters of Effervescent Granules from the Potent Antioxidant between Two Variants of the Adaptogenic Herb Ocimum tenuiflorum L. ScientificWorldJournal. 2023;2023:2050846. DOI: 10.1155/2023/2050846; PMCID: PMC10154098; PMID: 37144025
16. Diyaa ASM, Thomas NV. Formulation and Evaluation of Metronidazole Effervescent Granules. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2018; 9(6):2525-9. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(6).2525-29
17. Jadhav S, Gangurde A. A Bird Eye View on Effervescent Drug Delivery System. Int J Drug Deliv Technol. 2023;13(3):1046-58. DOI: 10.25258/ijddt.13.3.45
18. Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, Greer KB, Yadlapati R, Spechler SJ. ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022;117(1):27-56. DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001538; PMCID: PMC8754510; PMID: 34807007
19. Baryakova TH, Pogostin BH, Langer R, McHugh KJ. Overcoming barriers to patient adherence: the case for developing innovative drug delivery systems. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2023;22(5):387-409. DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00670-0; PMCID: PMC10041531; PMID: 36973491
20. Hait M, Kashyap NK, Chandel SS, Vaishnav MM. Proximate Analysis of Herbal Drugs: Methods, Relevance, and Quality Control Aspects. In: Izah SC, Ogwu MC, Akram M (Eds). Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Cham: Springer; 2024. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43199-9_42
21. Bertuzzi G, Jin T, Yuan W, Li H, Brzeczko A, Camern L, et al. Effervescent Granulation. In: Parikh DM (Ed). Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology. Third edition. Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis; 2010.
22. The United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary. Description and Relative Solubility. In: The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 46th edition National Formulary 41th edition. Rockville (MD): The United States Pharmacopeia; 2023.
23. The United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 43th edition National Formulary 38th edition. Rockville (MD): The United States Pharmacopeia; 2020.
24. Gupta R, Sharma P, Garg A, Soni A, Sahu A, Rai S, et al. Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Effervescent Granules Incorporated with Calliandra Haematocephala Leaves Extract. Indo Am J Pharm Res. 2013;3(6):4366-71.
25. The United States Pharmacopeia National Formulary. Powder Flow Properties. In: The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 46th edition National Formulary 41th edition. Rockville (MD): The United States Pharmacopeia; 2023.
26. Gryczová E., Dvořáčková K., Rabišková M. Evaluation of pellet friability. Čes Slov Farm. 2009;58(1):9-13.
27. Liu P, Zhang M, Mujumdar AS. Comparison of Three Microwave-assisted Drying Methods on the Physiochemical, Nutritional and Sensory Qualities of Re-structured, Purple-fleshed Sweet Potato Granules. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2012;47(1):141–7. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02819.x
28. Rani KC, Parfati N, Ekajayani NI, Kurniawan IMA, Kristiani NPW. The Development of Moringa Leaves Effervescent Granules with Effervescent Agent of Citric Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate Karina. Pharmaciana. 2021;11(2):225–38. DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v11i2.20873
29. Wu TH, Chen IC, Chen LC. Antacid Effects of Chinese Herbal Prescriptions Assessed by a Modified Artificial Stomach Model. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(35):4455–9. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i35.4455; PMCID: PMC2941070; PMID: 20845514
30. Fathil NM. The Histological and Physiological Study of Moringa oleifera. Inter J App Sci Technol. 2022;4(30):277-98. DOI: 10.47832/2717-8234.15.7
31. Mbah BO, Eme PE, Paul AE. Effect of Drying Techniques on the Proximate and other Nutrient Composition of Moringa oleifera Leaves from Two Areas in Eastern Nigeria. Pakistan J Nutr. 2012;11(11):1044–8. DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2012.1044.1048
32. Deepa, Kattimani DR, Muruli NV. Nutrient Composition of Dehydrated Drumstick Leaves (Moringa oleifera) Powder. Inter J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2021;10(2):2725–30. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1002.301
33. Basim GB, Khalili M. Particle size analysis on wide size distribution powders; effect of sampling and characterization technique. Adv Powder Technol. 2015;26(1):200-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2014.09.009
34. Aulton ME, Kelvin T. Aulton’s Pharmaceutics: The Design and Manufacture of Medicines. 5th Edition. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2018.
35. Lestari ABS, Natalia L. Optimasi natrium sitrat dan asam fumarat sebagai sumber asam dalam pembuatan granul effervescent ekstrak temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) secara granulasi basah. Majalah Farm Indones. 2007;18(1):21-8.
Authors
1.
Mughrbi HN, Elghnimi TY, Aljawadi J. Potential of Moringa oleifera Effervescent Granules as a New Antacid: Micronutrients, Formulation, and Evaluation. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2025Feb.28 [cited 2025Apr.18];8(1):61-72. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/7793
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanin Nafed Mughrbi, Tamader Youssef Elghnimi, Jumana Aljawadi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors continue to retain the copyright to the article if the article is published in the Borneo Journal of Pharmacy. They will also retain the publishing rights to the article without any restrictions.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Any article on the copyright is retained by the author(s).
- The author grants the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share work with an acknowledgment of the work authors and initial publications in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of published articles (e.g., post-institutional repository) or publish them in a book, with acknowledgment of their initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their websites) prior to and during the submission process. This can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citations of published work.
- The article and any associated published material are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Article Details
