Formulation and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Instant Granules from 70% Ethanol Extract of Single Black Garlic (Allium sativum L.)
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25 December 2024
25 December 2024
Published
30 May 2025
30 May 2025
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Abstract
Free radicals contribute to various diseases by inducing oxidative stress. Single black garlic (Allium sativum L.) is recognized for its phenolic compounds, which possess radical-scavenging properties. This study aimed to develop and evaluate instant granules containing black A. sativum extract for their antioxidant activity and physicochemical characteristics. An instant granule formulation was developed using a 70% ethanol extract of a single black A. sativum, with three distinct formulas containing 5%, 7.5%, and 10% extract (Formulas 1, 2, and 3, respectively). The granules were subjected to comprehensive physical quality assessments, including organoleptic properties, moisture content, angle of repose, flow rate, dissolution time, and tapped density. Antioxidant activity was quantified using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, reporting IC50 values. All instant granule formulations successfully met the established physical quality requirements across all evaluated parameters. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity demonstrated a concentration-dependent effect, with IC50 values of 119.576 ppm for Formula 1, 82.000 ppm for Formula 2, and 59.962 ppm for Formula 3. This study confirms that instant granules formulated with a single black A. sativum extract exhibit significant antioxidant potential and possess desirable physical characteristics, indicating their promise as a natural antioxidant supplement.
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19. Thapa P, Choi DH, Kim MS, Jeong SH. Effects of granulation process variables on the physical properties of dosage forms by combination of experimental design and principal component analysis. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2019;14(3):287-304. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.08.006; PMCID: PMC7032112; PMID: 32104459
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22. Wijayanto A, Herdianty J. Formulation of Granules and Tablets Active Ingredient Paracetamol Ibuprofen and Its Evaluation Results. Strada J Pharm. 2021;3(2):53-7. DOI: 10.30994/sjp.v3i2.139
23. Rahmawati IF, Pribadi P, Hidayat IW. Formulasi dan evaluasi granul effervescent ekstrak daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steen.). Pharmaciana. 2016;6(2):139-48. DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v6i2.4078
24. Shah DS, Moravkar KK, Jha DK, Lonkar V, Amin PD, Chalikwar SS. A concise summary of powder processing methodologies for flow enhancement. Heliyon. 2023;9(6):e16498. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16498; PMCID: PMC10245010; PMID: 37292344
25. Szumilo M, Belniak P, Swiader K, Holody E, Poleszak E. Assessment of physical properties of granules with paracetamol and caffeine. Saudi Pharm J. 2017;25(6):900-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.02.009; PMCID: PMC5605841; PMID: 28951676
26. Casian T, Iurian S, Gâvan A, Porfire A, Pop AL, Crișan S, et al. In-Depth Understanding of Granule Compression Behavior under Variable Raw Material and Processing Conditions. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(1):177. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010177; PMCID: PMC8780340; PMID: 35057072
27. Kudo Y, Yasuda M, Matsusaka S. Effect of particle size distribution on flowability of granulated lactose. Adv Powder Technol. 2020;31(1):121-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2019.10.004
28. Itam A, Wati MS, Agustin V, Sabri N, Jumanah RA, Efdi M. Comparative Study of Phytochemical, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities and Phenolic Content of Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f. Alston f.) Extracts Growing in West Sumatera Indonesia. ScientificWorldJournal. 2021;2021:5537597. DOI: 10.1155/2021/5537597; PMCID: PMC8216810; PMID: 34234626
29. Zahra M, Abrahamse H, George BP. Flavonoids: Antioxidant Powerhouses and Their Role in Nanomedicine. Antioxidants. 2024;13(8):922. DOI: 10.3390/antiox13080922; PMCID: PMC11351814; PMID: 39199168
Read More
2. Tesfaye A. Revealing the Therapeutic Uses of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Its Potential for Drug Discovery. ScientificWorldJournal. 2021;2021:8817288. DOI: 10.1155/2021/8817288; PMCID: PMC8739926; PMID: 35002548
3. Utama GL, Rahmi Z, Sari MP, Hanidah II. Psychochemical changes and functional properties of organosulfur and polysaccharide compounds of black garlic (Allium sativum L.). Curr Res Food Sci. 2024;8:100717. DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100717; PMCID: PMC10978486; PMID: 38559380
4. Kimura S, Tung YC, Pan MH, Su NW, Lai YJ, Cheng KC. Black garlic: A critical review of its production, bioactivity, and application. J Food Drug Anal. 2017;25(1):62-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.003; PMCID: PMC9333422; PMID: 28911544
5. Yuan H, Sun L, Chen M, Wang J. The Comparison of the Contents of Sugar, Amadori, and Heyns Compounds in Fresh and Black Garlic. J Food Sci. 2016;81(7):C1662-8. DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13365; PMID: 27300762
6. Lu X, Li N, Qiao X, Qiu Z, Liu P. Composition analysis and antioxidant properties of black garlic extract. J Food Drug Analysis. 2017;25(2):340–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.05.011; PMCID: PMC9332541; PMID: 28911676
7. Putri YD, Warya S, Afdina M. Formulasi Granul Instan Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine americana Merr.) dengan Variasi Pengikat PVP K30. J Sains Teknologi Farmasi Indones. 2021;10(2):58-70. DOI: 10.58327/jstfi.v10i2.157
8. Purwanto YA, Sobir, Sulassih, Naibaho N, Pratama SY, Nurmalia. Effects of Temperature on The Quality of Garlic (Allium sativum L) cv. Lumbu Kuning During Storage. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2019;309:012004. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/309/1/012004
9. Choi IS, Cha HS, Lee YS. Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of black garlic. Molecules. 2014;19(10):16811–23. DOI: 10.3390/molecules191016811; PMCID: PMC6270986; PMID: 25335109
10. Geldart D, Abdullah EC, Hassapour A, Nwoke LC, Wouters I. Characterization of powder flowability using measurement of angle of repose. China Particuology. 2006;4(3-4):104-7. DOI: 10.1016/S1672-25. Front 15(07)60247-4
11. Fidrianny I, Windyaswari AS, Wirasutisna KR. Antioxidant Capacities of Various Leaves Extract from Five Colors Varieties of Sweet Potatoes Tubers Using ABTS, DPPH Assays and Correlation with Total Flavonoid, Phenolic, Carotenoid Content. Res J Med Plants. 2013;7(3):130–40.
12. Yuan X, Wang Z, Liu L, Mu D, Wu J, Li X, et al. Changes of Physicochemical Properties in Black Garlic during Fermentation. Fermentation. 2022;8(11):653. DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8110653
13. Newton AE, Fairbanks AJ, Golding M, Andrewes P, Gerrard JA. The role of the Maillard reaction in the formation of flavour compounds in dairy products--not only a deleterious reaction but also a rich source of flavour compounds. Food Funct. 2012;3(12):1231-41. DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30089c; PMID: 22948260
14. Yu J, Anchordoquy TJ. This low water content is crucial for maintaining the long-term stability and durability of the extract during storage. J Pharm Sci. 2009;98(9):3278-89. DOI: 10.1002/jps.21846; PMCID: PMC2785107; PMID: 19569198
15. Abubakar AR, Haque M. Preparation of Medicinal Plants: Basic Extraction and Fractionation Procedures for Experimental Purposes. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2020;12(1):1-10. DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_175_19; PMCID: PMC7398001; PMID: 32801594
16. Tudu CK, Dutta T, Ghorai M, Biswas P, Samanta D, Oleksak P, et al. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of garlic (Allium sativum), a storehouse of diverse phytochemicals: A review of research from the last decade focusing on health and nutritional implications. Front Nutr. 2022;9:949554. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.929554; PMCID: PMC9650110; PMID: 36386956
17. Batiha GES, Beshbishy AM, Wasef LG, Elewa YHA, Al-Sagan AA, El-Hack MEA, et al. Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):872. DOI: 10.3390/nu12030872; PMCID: PMC7146530; PMID: 32213941
18. Drake MA, Watson ME, Liu Y. Sensory Analysis and Consumer Preference: Best Practices. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2023:14:427-48. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-060721-023619; PMID: 36972161
19. Thapa P, Choi DH, Kim MS, Jeong SH. Effects of granulation process variables on the physical properties of dosage forms by combination of experimental design and principal component analysis. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2019;14(3):287-304. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.08.006; PMCID: PMC7032112; PMID: 32104459
20. Vadaga AK, Gudla SS, Nareboina GSK, Gubbala H, Golla B. Comprehensive review on modern techniques of granulation in pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. Intell Pharm. 2024;2(5):609-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.ipha.2024.05.006
21. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards, Koutsoumanis K, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, et al. The efficacy and safety of high-pressure processing of food. EFSA J. 2022;20(3):e07128. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7128; PMCID: PMC8902661; PMID: 35281651
22. Wijayanto A, Herdianty J. Formulation of Granules and Tablets Active Ingredient Paracetamol Ibuprofen and Its Evaluation Results. Strada J Pharm. 2021;3(2):53-7. DOI: 10.30994/sjp.v3i2.139
23. Rahmawati IF, Pribadi P, Hidayat IW. Formulasi dan evaluasi granul effervescent ekstrak daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steen.). Pharmaciana. 2016;6(2):139-48. DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v6i2.4078
24. Shah DS, Moravkar KK, Jha DK, Lonkar V, Amin PD, Chalikwar SS. A concise summary of powder processing methodologies for flow enhancement. Heliyon. 2023;9(6):e16498. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16498; PMCID: PMC10245010; PMID: 37292344
25. Szumilo M, Belniak P, Swiader K, Holody E, Poleszak E. Assessment of physical properties of granules with paracetamol and caffeine. Saudi Pharm J. 2017;25(6):900-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.02.009; PMCID: PMC5605841; PMID: 28951676
26. Casian T, Iurian S, Gâvan A, Porfire A, Pop AL, Crișan S, et al. In-Depth Understanding of Granule Compression Behavior under Variable Raw Material and Processing Conditions. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(1):177. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010177; PMCID: PMC8780340; PMID: 35057072
27. Kudo Y, Yasuda M, Matsusaka S. Effect of particle size distribution on flowability of granulated lactose. Adv Powder Technol. 2020;31(1):121-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2019.10.004
28. Itam A, Wati MS, Agustin V, Sabri N, Jumanah RA, Efdi M. Comparative Study of Phytochemical, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities and Phenolic Content of Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f. Alston f.) Extracts Growing in West Sumatera Indonesia. ScientificWorldJournal. 2021;2021:5537597. DOI: 10.1155/2021/5537597; PMCID: PMC8216810; PMID: 34234626
29. Zahra M, Abrahamse H, George BP. Flavonoids: Antioxidant Powerhouses and Their Role in Nanomedicine. Antioxidants. 2024;13(8):922. DOI: 10.3390/antiox13080922; PMCID: PMC11351814; PMID: 39199168
Authors
1.
Setiawan AA, Yuniarto A, Taptajani ER. Formulation and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Instant Granules from 70% Ethanol Extract of Single Black Garlic (Allium sativum L.). Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2025May30 [cited 2025Aug.11];8(2):202-9. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/9059
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Aziz Setiawan, Ari Yuniarto, Emir Rizky Taptajani
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