Physicochemical Profile and Stability of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) SNEDDS as Potential Aphrodisiac
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Submitted
28 April 2025
Published
30 August 2025
Keywords:
-
Red ginger, Physical Stability, SNEDDS, Aphrodisiac
Abstract
This study investigated the stability of a Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) formulated with Zingiber officinale var. rubrum (red ginger) extract. SNEDDS formulations, composed of an oil phase, co-surfactant, and surfactant, are designed to create stable isotropic mixtures, critical for drug delivery systems. Prior to assessing long-term physical stability, the optimal Z. officinale var. rubrum SNEDDS preparation underwent comprehensive characterization, including evaluation of emulsification time, pH, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. Subsequent physical stability assessments involved rigorous centrifugation, hot-cold, and freeze-thaw cycles. The results demonstrated an emulsification time of ≤1 minute, a pH value of 5.04±0.05, and a particle size of 14.92±0.7 nm, indicative of a nanoscale dispersion. The PDI was 0.282, and the zeta potential was −18.57±1.30 mV, suggesting good colloidal stability. Crucially, throughout six cycles of centrifugation, hot-cold, and freeze-thaw stress tests, the Z. officinale var. rubrum extract SNEDDS exhibited no signs of phase separation, sedimentation, cracking, or creaming. These findings collectively confirm that the prepared Z. officinale var. rubrum extract SNEDDS meets critical physicochemical characteristics and demonstrates excellent physical stability, positioning it as a promising candidate for further development as a natural extract delivery system.
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References
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16. Abushal AS, Aleanizy FS, Alqahtani FY, Shakeel F, Iqbal M, Haq N, et al. Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of Apremilast: In Vitro Evaluation and Pharmacokinetics Studies. Molecules. 2022;27(10):3085. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103085; PMCID: PMC9145325; PMID: 35630561
17. Shiyan S, Suryani RP, Mulyani LN, Pratiwi G. Stability Study of Super Saturable Catechin-Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System as Antidiabetic Therapy. Biointerface Res Appl Chem. 2021;12(5):5811-20. DOI: 10.33263/BRIAC125.58115820
18. Wardani IGAAK, Santoso P. Efektivitas Afrodisiaka dari Ekstrak Etanol Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) pada Tikus (Rattus norvegicus L.) Putih Jantan. J Ilmiah Medicamento. 2017;3(1):22–8. DOI: 10.36733/medicamento.v3i1.1045
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20. Kassem AA, El-Alim SHA, Salman AM, Mohammed MA, Hassan NS, El-Gengaihi SE. Improved hepatoprotective activity of Beta vulgaris L. leaf extract loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS): in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2020;46(10):1589-603. DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1811303; PMID: 32811211
21. Fitria A, Hanifah S, Chabib L, Uno AM, Munawwarah H, Atsil N, et al. Design and characterization of propolis extract loaded self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system as immunostimulant. Saudi Pharm J. 2021;29(6):625-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.04.024; PMCID: PMC8233540; PMID: 34194270
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24. Nirmalayanti NLPKV. Skrining Berbagai Jenis Surfaktan dan Kosurfaktan sebagai Dasar Pemilihan Formulasi Nanoemulsi. Metta J Ilmu Multidisiplin. 2021;1(3):158-66. DOI: 10.37329/metta.v1i3.1552
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28. Maharini, Rismarika, Yusnelti. Pengaruh konsentrasi PEG 400 sebagai kosurfaktan pada formulasi nanoemulsi minyak kepayang. Chempublish J. 2020;5(1):1-14. DOI: 10.22437/chp.v5i1.7604
29. Budiarto W, Rochmah NN, Setiyabudi L. Formulasi Sediaan Nanoemulsi Ekstrak Daun Mangrove Avicennia Marina Dengan Virgin Coconut Oil Sebagai Fase Minyak. J Ilmiah JOPHUS J Pharm UMUS. 2020;2(1):36-43. DOI: 10.46772/jophus.v2i01.272
30. Puspitasari DA, Rahmawati R, Putri NK, Fajar M. Nanoemulsi Ekstrak Wortel dan Virgin Coconut Oil sebagai suplemen ProVitamin A untuk Mencegah Kekurangan Vitamin A. Agritech. 2022;42(1):65-74. DOI: 10.22146/agritech.47743
31. Nugroho BH, Sari NP. Fomulasi self nano emulsifiying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) ekstrak daun karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk). J Ilmiah Farm. 2018;14(1):1-8. Doi: 10.20885/jif.vol14.iss1.art01
32. Nurismawati DA, Priani SE. Kajian Formulasi dan Karakterisasi Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) sebagai Penghantar Agen Antihiperlipidemia Oral. J Riset Farm. 2021;1(2):114-23. DOI: 10.29313/jrf.v1i2.455
33. Halnor VV, Pande VV, Borawake DD, Nagare HS. Nanoemulsion: A Novel Platform for Drug Delivery System. J Mater Sci Nanotechnol. 2018;6(1):104.
34. Sulungbudi GT, Wildan ZL, Salam R, Mujamilah. Pengendalian Suhu Ultrasonikasi Pada Pelapisan Nanopartikel Magnet (Fe3O4) Dengan Kitosan. J Kimia Kemasan. 2017;39(2):95-101. DOI: 10.24817/jkk.v39i2.2838
35. Devireddy SK, Jonnalagadda LP. A Literature Review on Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS). Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2021;70(1):85-94. DOI: 10.47583/ijpsrr.2021.v70i01.011
36. Zubaydah WOS, Magistia L, Indalifiany A. Formulasi dan Uji Karakteristik Self –Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Ekstrak Etanol Sponge Xestospongia sp. Menggunakan Tween 80 Sebagai Surfaktan. Majalah Farmasetika. 2023;8(2):104-10. DOI: 10.24198/mfarmasetika.v8i2.41779
37. Adi AC, Setiawaty N, Anindya A, Rachmawati H. Formulasi dan Karakterisasi Sediaan Nanoemulsi Vitamin A. Media Gizi Indones. 2019;14(1):1-13. DOI: 10.20473/mgi.v14i1.1-13
38. Indratmoko S. Optimasi Formula Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirsak (Annona muricata) sebagai Antibakteri (Stapylococcus aureus) dengan Metode Simplex Lattice Design. Pharmaqueous J Ilmiah Kefarmasian. 2020;2(2):125-34. DOI: 10.36760/jp.v2i1.172
2. Saikia Q, Adhikari K, Begum T, Dutta S, Hazarika A, Kalita JC. Erectile Dysfunction: Basics And Its Management Using Plant Products. Egypt J Basic Appl Sci. 2024;11(1):25–41. DOI: 10.1080/2314808X.2023.2300560
3. Khalid M, Alqarni MH, Wahab S, Annadurai S, Alamri MA, Foudah AI, et al. Ameliorative Sexual Behavior and Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitory Effects of Spondias mangifera Fruit Extract in Rodents: In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Study. J Clin Med. 2022;11(13):3732. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133732; PMCID: PMC9267661; PMID: 35807028
4. Zhang S, Kou X, Zhao H, Mak KK, Balijepalli MK, Pichika MR. Zingiber officinale var. rubrum: Red Ginger's Medicinal Uses. Molecules. 2022;27(3):775. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030775; PMCID: PMC8840670; PMID: 35164040
5. Anggraini D, Sutyarso S, Kanedi M, Busman H. Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Jahe Merah (Zingiber Officinale Roxb Var Rubrum) Terhadap Kuantitas Dan Kualitas Spermatozoa Mencit Jantan (Mus Musculus L.) Yang Diinduksi Paraquat Diklorida. J Ilmiah Biol Eksperimen Keanekaragaman Hayati. 2019;5(2):47-54. DOI: 10.23960/jbekh.v5i2.53
6. Rathore C, Hemrajani C, Sharma AK, Gupta PK, Jha NK, Aljabali AAA, et al. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) mediated improved oral bioavailability of thymoquinone: optimization, characterization, pharmacokinetic, and hepatotoxicity studies. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2023;13(1):292-307. DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01193-8; PMCID: PMC9726673; PMID: 35831776
7. Okeyo PO, Rajendran ST, Zór K, Boisen A. Sensing technologies and experimental platforms for the characterization of advanced oral drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021;176:113850. DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113850
8. Morakul B. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS): An advancement technology for oral drug delivery. Pharm Sci Asia. 2020;47(3):205-20. DOI: 10.29090/psa.2020.03.019.0121
9. Asita N, Zubair MS, Syukri Y. Formulasi Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (Snedds) Yang Memanfaatkan Tanaman Obat: Narrative Review. J Sains Farm Klinis. 2023;10(2):184-96. DOI: 10.25077/jsfk.10.2.184-196.2023
10. Annisa R, Mutiah R, Yuwono M, Hendradi E. Nanotechnology Approach-Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS).” Int J Appl Pharm. 2023;15(4):12-9. DOI: 10.22159/ijap.2023v15i4.47644
11. Miao Y, Zhao S, Zuo J, Sun J, Wang J. Reduced the Food Effect and Enhanced the Oral Bioavailability of Ivacaftor by Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Using a New Oil Phase. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2022;16:1531-46. DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s356967; PMCID: PMC9143795; PMID: 35637746
12. Andriani R, Wahyuni W, Purnama LOMJ, Malaka MH, Fristiohady A, Nurrahmah IA, et al. Design and Evaluation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Containing Wualae Fruit (Etlingera Elatior (Jack) R.M Smith) Extract. Int Conf Pharm Health Sci. 2020;14(1):1-8. 10.13140/RG.2.2.26827.41763
13. Erliyana M, Widyaningsih W, Wumu DA, Wulansari WF. Formulation Of Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (Snedds) Red Ginger Extract (Zingiber Officinale Var. Rubrum). Media Farm J Ilmu Farm. 2022;19(2):133-9. DOI: 10.12928/mf.v19i2.21655
14. Prihapsara F, Wijayanti II, Budiharjo A, Pangastuti A, Artanti AN. Characterization and antihypertensive activity of ginger extract-eel bone oil SNEDDS (selfnanoemulsifying drug delivery system). Pharm Sci Asia. 2021;48(1):90-8. DOI: 10.29090/psa.2021.01.19.120
15. Sulkhan AAR, Artanti AN, Ermawati DE, Prihapsara F. Optimization of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of Annona muricata L. leaves chloroform extract using VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil) as an oil phase. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2019;578:012046. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/578/1/012046
16. Abushal AS, Aleanizy FS, Alqahtani FY, Shakeel F, Iqbal M, Haq N, et al. Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of Apremilast: In Vitro Evaluation and Pharmacokinetics Studies. Molecules. 2022;27(10):3085. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103085; PMCID: PMC9145325; PMID: 35630561
17. Shiyan S, Suryani RP, Mulyani LN, Pratiwi G. Stability Study of Super Saturable Catechin-Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System as Antidiabetic Therapy. Biointerface Res Appl Chem. 2021;12(5):5811-20. DOI: 10.33263/BRIAC125.58115820
18. Wardani IGAAK, Santoso P. Efektivitas Afrodisiaka dari Ekstrak Etanol Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) pada Tikus (Rattus norvegicus L.) Putih Jantan. J Ilmiah Medicamento. 2017;3(1):22–8. DOI: 10.36733/medicamento.v3i1.1045
19. Febriani EF, Widodo MS, Faqih AR. Effect of Dosages and Temperatures on Simalungun Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) Ethanol Extract Dipping on Masculinization of Zebra Fish (Danio rerio) as a Model Fish. J Ilmiah Perikanan Kelautan. 2023;15(1):15-30. DOI: 10.20473/jipk.v15i1.38271
20. Kassem AA, El-Alim SHA, Salman AM, Mohammed MA, Hassan NS, El-Gengaihi SE. Improved hepatoprotective activity of Beta vulgaris L. leaf extract loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS): in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2020;46(10):1589-603. DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1811303; PMID: 32811211
21. Fitria A, Hanifah S, Chabib L, Uno AM, Munawwarah H, Atsil N, et al. Design and characterization of propolis extract loaded self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system as immunostimulant. Saudi Pharm J. 2021;29(6):625-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.04.024; PMCID: PMC8233540; PMID: 34194270
22. Park EJ, Choi SA, Min KA, Jee JP, Jin SG, Cho KH. Development of Alectinib-Suspended SNEDDS for Enhanced Solubility and Dissolution. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(8):1694. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081694; PMCID: PMC9413510; PMID: 36015320
23. Schmied FP, Bernhardt A, Engel A, Klein S. A Customized Screening Tool Approach for the Development of a Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS). AAPS PharmSciTech. 2021;23(1):39. DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02176-7; PMCID: PMC8816498; PMID: 34961897
24. Nirmalayanti NLPKV. Skrining Berbagai Jenis Surfaktan dan Kosurfaktan sebagai Dasar Pemilihan Formulasi Nanoemulsi. Metta J Ilmu Multidisiplin. 2021;1(3):158-66. DOI: 10.37329/metta.v1i3.1552
25. Yuliani SH, Hartini M, Stephanie, Pudyastuti B, Istyastono EP. Comparison of Physical Stability Properties of Pomegranate Seed Oil Nanoemulsion Dosage Forms with Long-Chain Triglyceride and Medium-Chain Triglyceride as the Oil Phase. Trad Med J. 2016;21(2):93-8. DOI: 10.22146/tradmedj.12823
26. Amin N, Das B. A Review on Formulation and Characterization of Nanoemulsion. Int J Curr Pharm Res. 2019;11(4):1-5. DOI: 10.22159/ijcpr.2019v11i4.34925
27. Nursal FK, Sumirtapura YC, Suciati T, Kartasasmita RE. Optimasi Nanoemulsi Natrium Askorbil Fosfat melalui Pendekatan Design of Experiment (Metode Box Behnken). J Sains Farm Klinis. 2019;6(3):228-36. DOI: 10.25077/jsfk.6.3.228-236.2019
28. Maharini, Rismarika, Yusnelti. Pengaruh konsentrasi PEG 400 sebagai kosurfaktan pada formulasi nanoemulsi minyak kepayang. Chempublish J. 2020;5(1):1-14. DOI: 10.22437/chp.v5i1.7604
29. Budiarto W, Rochmah NN, Setiyabudi L. Formulasi Sediaan Nanoemulsi Ekstrak Daun Mangrove Avicennia Marina Dengan Virgin Coconut Oil Sebagai Fase Minyak. J Ilmiah JOPHUS J Pharm UMUS. 2020;2(1):36-43. DOI: 10.46772/jophus.v2i01.272
30. Puspitasari DA, Rahmawati R, Putri NK, Fajar M. Nanoemulsi Ekstrak Wortel dan Virgin Coconut Oil sebagai suplemen ProVitamin A untuk Mencegah Kekurangan Vitamin A. Agritech. 2022;42(1):65-74. DOI: 10.22146/agritech.47743
31. Nugroho BH, Sari NP. Fomulasi self nano emulsifiying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) ekstrak daun karamunting (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk). J Ilmiah Farm. 2018;14(1):1-8. Doi: 10.20885/jif.vol14.iss1.art01
32. Nurismawati DA, Priani SE. Kajian Formulasi dan Karakterisasi Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) sebagai Penghantar Agen Antihiperlipidemia Oral. J Riset Farm. 2021;1(2):114-23. DOI: 10.29313/jrf.v1i2.455
33. Halnor VV, Pande VV, Borawake DD, Nagare HS. Nanoemulsion: A Novel Platform for Drug Delivery System. J Mater Sci Nanotechnol. 2018;6(1):104.
34. Sulungbudi GT, Wildan ZL, Salam R, Mujamilah. Pengendalian Suhu Ultrasonikasi Pada Pelapisan Nanopartikel Magnet (Fe3O4) Dengan Kitosan. J Kimia Kemasan. 2017;39(2):95-101. DOI: 10.24817/jkk.v39i2.2838
35. Devireddy SK, Jonnalagadda LP. A Literature Review on Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS). Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2021;70(1):85-94. DOI: 10.47583/ijpsrr.2021.v70i01.011
36. Zubaydah WOS, Magistia L, Indalifiany A. Formulasi dan Uji Karakteristik Self –Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Ekstrak Etanol Sponge Xestospongia sp. Menggunakan Tween 80 Sebagai Surfaktan. Majalah Farmasetika. 2023;8(2):104-10. DOI: 10.24198/mfarmasetika.v8i2.41779
37. Adi AC, Setiawaty N, Anindya A, Rachmawati H. Formulasi dan Karakterisasi Sediaan Nanoemulsi Vitamin A. Media Gizi Indones. 2019;14(1):1-13. DOI: 10.20473/mgi.v14i1.1-13
38. Indratmoko S. Optimasi Formula Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirsak (Annona muricata) sebagai Antibakteri (Stapylococcus aureus) dengan Metode Simplex Lattice Design. Pharmaqueous J Ilmiah Kefarmasian. 2020;2(2):125-34. DOI: 10.36760/jp.v2i1.172
Authors
1.
Pratama E, Aly MAN, Istiqamah F, Widyowati R, Sukardiman S. Physicochemical Profile and Stability of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) SNEDDS as Potential Aphrodisiac. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2025Aug.30 [cited 2025Dec.5];8(3):282-91. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/9691
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