Determination of the Active Chemical Compounds and the Antibacterial Activity of Various Fractions of Lawsonia inermis L.
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Submitted
31 January 2022
31 January 2022
Published
31 August 2022
31 August 2022
Abstract
Lawsonia inermis L., or henna leaves, are usually used to treat wounds on the skin. Lawsonia inermis contain naphthoquinones, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The antibacterial activity of L. inermis leaf extract in various solvents has been extensively studied. However, which component is responsible for the antibacterial activity is still unknown. This study was intended to investigate the antibacterial effect of L. inermis fractions against Staphylococcus aureus and to discover the antibacterial chemical class in the most active fraction. The methanol extract was fractionated with n-hexane and ethyl acetate subsequently. The antibacterial activity of various fractions was tested using the well diffusion method. TLC-bioautography was used to identify the class of active chemicals as antibacterial agents. Antibacterial activity against S. aureus was highest in the ethyl acetate fraction. TLC-bioautography of the ethyl acetate fraction showed inhibition areas at Rf values of 0.25 and 0.53, respectively, indicating the naphthoquinones and phenolic compounds groups. In conclusion, naphthoquinones and phenolic compounds are suggested to contribute to the antibacterial effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of L. inermis leaves.
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23. Dhanani T, Shah S, Gajbhiye NA, Kumar S. Effect of extraction methods on yield, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Withania somnifera. Arab J Chem. 2017;10(S1):1193-9. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.02.015
24. Hadef KZ, Boufeldja W. Antimicrobial activity of lawsonia inermis leaf extract collected from south of algeria touat (Adrar) and tidikelt (in salah). Asian J Plant Sci. 2020;15(1):9-16. doi:10.3923/jps.2020.9.16
25. Husni E, Suharti N, Atma APT. Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Ekstrak Daun Pacar Kuku (Lawsonia inermis Linn) serta Penentuan Kadar Fenolat Total dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan. J Sains Farm Klin. 2018;5(1):12-6. doi:10.25077/jsfk.5.1.12-16.2018
26. Bouarab-Chibane L, Forquet V, Lantéri P, Clément Y, Léonard-Akkari L, Oulahal N, et al. Antibacterial Properties of Polyphenols: Characterization and QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship) Models. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:829. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00829
27. Luís Â, Silva F, Sousa S, Duarte AP, Domingues F. Antistaphylococcal and biofilm inhibitory activities of gallic, caffeic, and chlorogenic acids. Biofouling. 2014;30(1):69–79. doi:10.1080/08927014.2013.845878
28. Cowan M. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12(4):564-82. doi:10.1128/cmr.12.4.564
29. Aldulaimi OA. General Overview of Phenolics from Plant to Laboratory, Good Antibacterials or Not. Pharmacogn Rev. 2017;11(22):123-7. doi:10.4103/phrev.phrev_43_16
30. Ravichandiran P, Sheet S, Premnath D, Kim AR, Yoo DJ. 1,4-Naphthoquinone Analogues: Potent Antibacterial Agents and Mode of Action Evaluation. Molecules. 2019;24(7):1437. doi:10.3390/molecules24071437
31. Pour AP, Farahbakhs H. Lawsonia inermis L. leaves aqueous extract as a natural antioxidant and antibacterial product. Nat Prod Res. 2020;34(23):3399-403. doi:10.1080/14786419.2019.1569006
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2. Sharma RK, Goel A, Bhatia AK. Lawsonia Inermis a Plant with Cosmetic and Medical Benefits. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol. 2016;4:15-20. doi:10.3126/ijasbt.v4i1.14728
3. Leela K, Singh ARJ. Bioactive Compound Studies of Lawsonia inermis L. (Henna) –Its Ethnomedicinal and Pharmacological Applications: A Review. Int J Mod Trends Sci Technol. 2020;6(9):187-200. doi:10.46501/IJMTST060929
4. Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Cartwright-Jones C, Viljoen A. Lawsonia inermis L. (henna): ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;155(1):80-103. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.042
5. Usman R, Rabiu U. Antimicrobial activity of Lawsonia inermis (henna) extracts. Bayero J Pure Appl Sci. 2019;11(1):167-71. doi:10.4314/bajopas.v11i1.27S
6. Garg R, Tripathi R, Batav N, Singh R. Phytochemical High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography based Estimation of Lawsone in Lawsonia inermis (Henna) obtained from Two Natural Habitats and Dye Products Collected from Local Market. Med Aromat Plants. 2017;6:3. doi:10.4172/2167-0412.1000290
7. Xavier MR, Santos MMS, Queiroz MG, Silva MSdL, Goes AJS, De Morais Jr MA. Lawsone, a 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone from Lawsonia inermis (henna), produces mitochondrial dysfunctions and triggers mitophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Rep. 2020;47(2):1173-85. doi:10.1007/s11033-019-05218-3
8. Miklasińska-Majdanik M, Kępa M, Wojtyczka RD, Idzik D, Wąsik TJ. Phenolic Compounds Diminish Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus Aureus Clinical Strains. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(10):2321. doi:10.3390/ijerph15102321
9. Al-Snafi AE. A Review on Lawsonia Inermis: A Potential Medicinal Plant. Int J Curr Pharm Res. 2019;11(5):1-13. doi:10.22159/ijcpr.2019v11i5.35695
10. Shahabinejad S, Kariminik A. Antibacterial activity of methanol extract of Lawsonia inermis against uropathogenic bacteria. MicroMedicine. 2019;7(2):31-6. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3473381
11. Akhtar J, Bashir F, Bi S. Scientific Basis for the Innovative Uses of Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) mentioned by Unani Scholars in different ailments. J Complement Altern Med Res. 2021;14(1):1-21. doi:10.9734/jocamr/2021/v14i130234
12. Nigussie D, Davey G, Legesse BA, Fekadu A, Makonnen E. Antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of the leaves of three medicinal plants against selected bacteria isolated from wounds of lymphoedema patients. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):2. doi:10.1186/s12906-020-03183-0
13. Ag T, Kumar MS, Shivannavar CT Gaddad SM. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of crude extracts of Lawsonia inermis against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2016;9(6):263-5. doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i6.14362
14. Abubakar AR, Haque M. Preparation of Medicinal Plants: Basic Extraction and Fractionation Procedures for Experimental Purposes. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2020;12(1):1-10. doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_175_19
15. Zainab Z, Muthoharoh A. Penapisan Fitokimia, Penetapan Kadar Naftokuinon total, dan Aktivitas Antifungi Fraksi Tidak Larut Etil Asetat Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pacar Kuku (Lawsonia inermis L.) TERHADAP Candida albicans ATCC. Pharmaciana. 2015;5(2):199-208. doi:10.12928/pharmaciana.v5i2.2371
16. Shaikh JR, Patil M. Qualitative tests for preliminary phytochemical screening: An overview. Int J Chem Stud. 2020;8(2):603-8. doi:10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i2i.8834
17. Kusumaningtyas E, Astuti E, Darmono D. Sensitivitas Metode Bioautografi Kontak dan Agar Overlay dalam Penentuan Senyawa Antikapang. J Ilmu Kefarmasian Indones. 2008;6(2):75-80.
18. Sharma R, Goel A. Identification of Phytoconstituents in Lawsonia inermis Linn. Leaves Extract by GC-MS and their Antibacterial Potential. Pharmacogn J. 2018;10(6):1101-8. doi:10.5530/pj.2018.6.187
19. Nwodo UU, Ngene AA, Iroegbu CU, Obiiyeke G. Effects of fractionation on antibacterial activity of crude extracts of Tamarindus indica. African J Biotechnol. 2010;9(42):7108-13. doi:10.5897/AJB09.1662
20. Voukeng IK, Nganou BK, Sandjo LP, Celik I, Beng VP, Tane P, et al. Antibacterial activities of the methanol extract, fractions and compounds from Elaeophorbia drupifera (Thonn.) Stapf. (Euphorbiaceae). BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):28. doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1509-y
21. Mundy L, Pendry B, Rahman M. Antimicrobial resistance and synergy in herbal medicine. J Herb Med. 2016;6(2):53-8. doi:10.1016/j.hermed.2016.03.001
22. Sembiring EN, Elya B, Sauriasari R. Phytochemical screening, total flavonoid and total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of different parts of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Pharmacogn J. 2018;10(1):123-7. doi:10.5530/pj.2018.1.22
23. Dhanani T, Shah S, Gajbhiye NA, Kumar S. Effect of extraction methods on yield, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Withania somnifera. Arab J Chem. 2017;10(S1):1193-9. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.02.015
24. Hadef KZ, Boufeldja W. Antimicrobial activity of lawsonia inermis leaf extract collected from south of algeria touat (Adrar) and tidikelt (in salah). Asian J Plant Sci. 2020;15(1):9-16. doi:10.3923/jps.2020.9.16
25. Husni E, Suharti N, Atma APT. Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Ekstrak Daun Pacar Kuku (Lawsonia inermis Linn) serta Penentuan Kadar Fenolat Total dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan. J Sains Farm Klin. 2018;5(1):12-6. doi:10.25077/jsfk.5.1.12-16.2018
26. Bouarab-Chibane L, Forquet V, Lantéri P, Clément Y, Léonard-Akkari L, Oulahal N, et al. Antibacterial Properties of Polyphenols: Characterization and QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship) Models. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:829. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00829
27. Luís Â, Silva F, Sousa S, Duarte AP, Domingues F. Antistaphylococcal and biofilm inhibitory activities of gallic, caffeic, and chlorogenic acids. Biofouling. 2014;30(1):69–79. doi:10.1080/08927014.2013.845878
28. Cowan M. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12(4):564-82. doi:10.1128/cmr.12.4.564
29. Aldulaimi OA. General Overview of Phenolics from Plant to Laboratory, Good Antibacterials or Not. Pharmacogn Rev. 2017;11(22):123-7. doi:10.4103/phrev.phrev_43_16
30. Ravichandiran P, Sheet S, Premnath D, Kim AR, Yoo DJ. 1,4-Naphthoquinone Analogues: Potent Antibacterial Agents and Mode of Action Evaluation. Molecules. 2019;24(7):1437. doi:10.3390/molecules24071437
31. Pour AP, Farahbakhs H. Lawsonia inermis L. leaves aqueous extract as a natural antioxidant and antibacterial product. Nat Prod Res. 2020;34(23):3399-403. doi:10.1080/14786419.2019.1569006
Authors
1.
Mulyaningsih S, Rachmadani FA. Determination of the Active Chemical Compounds and the Antibacterial Activity of Various Fractions of Lawsonia inermis L. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2022Aug.31 [cited 2025Apr.6];5(3):194-201. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/3221
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