Test on the Antioxidant Activities of Methanol Extract of Bidara Leaves (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) using the DPPH Radical Immersion Method
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Submitted
1 February 2020
Published
27 February 2020
Keywords:
-
DPPH, IC50, Bidara, Ziziphus spina-christi L, Antioxidant
Abstract
Bidara (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) is a tropical tree originating from Sudan in which it is commonly known as "Nebeq" in Saudi Arabia. It is of a bioactive compound - a flavonoid compound, which is the potential to be used as an antioxidant. It is capable of inhibiting any cell damages caused by free radicals. This study aimed to measure the activities of the free radicals in methanol extracts of Z. spina-christi leaves. The process of extracting the Z. spina-christi leaves was carried out through the maceration method using methanol as a solvent. The qualitative analysis of chemical compounds with certain eluents using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was purposely to determine the groups of active compounds in extracts. The measurement of antioxidant activities was carried out using the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl Hidrazyl (DPPH) immersion method in which absorption was measured at a maximum wavelength of 513 nm. The results showed that the methanol extract of Z. spina-christi leaves had a very weak antioxidant activity with the IC50 value of 466.804 μg/ml. The results of the bioautographic profile showed the presence of flavonoid compounds, phenols, saponins, and tannins.
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References
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Molyneux, P. (2004). The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 26(2), 211-219.
Najafabad, A.M. & Jamei, R. (2014). Free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of plum (Prunus domestica L.) in both fresh and dried samples. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 4(5), 343-353.
Nita, M. & Grzybowski, A. (2016). The Role of the Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress in the Pathomechanism of the Age-Related Ocular Diseases and Other Pathologies of the Anterior and Posterior Eye Segments in Adults. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 3164734. doi: 10.1155/2016/3164734
Nurwidayati, A. (2012). The phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography results of Jatropha gossypiifolia seeds. Health Science Journal of Indonesia, 3(2), 27-31.
Olugbami, J.O., Gbadegesin, M.A., & Odunola, O.A. (2015). In vitro free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of ethanol extract of Terminalia glaucescens. Pharmacognosy Research, 7(1), 49-56. doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.147200
Panche, A.N., Diwan, A.D., & Chandra, S.R. (2016). Flavonoids: an overview. Journal of Nutritional Science, 5, 47. doi: 10.1017/jns.2016.41
Pham-Huy, L.A., He, H., & Pham-Huy, C. (2008). Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health. International Journal of Biomedical Science, 4(2), 89-96.
Phaniendra, A., Jestadi, D.B., & Periyasamy, L. (2015). Free Radicals: Properties, Sources, Targets, and Their Implication in Various Diseases. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 30(1), 11-26. doi: 10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0
Rahal, A., Kumar, A., Singh, V., Yadav, B., Tiwari, R., Chakraborty, S., & Dhama, K. (2014). Oxidative Stress, Prooxidants, and Antioxidants: The Interplay. BioMed Research International, 2014, 761264. doi: 10.1155/2014/761264
Rahman, M.M., Islam, M.B., Biswas, M., & Alam, A.H.M.K. (2015). In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of different parts of Tabebuia pallida growing in Bangladesh. BMC Research Notes, 8, 621. doi: 10.1186/s13104-015-1618-6
Robinson, T. (1995). Kandungan Senyawa Organik Tumbuhan Tinggi. Terjemahan Kosasih Padmawinata. Bandung, Indonesia: ITB Press.
Sasidharan, S., Chen, Y., Saravanan, D., Sundram, K.M., & Yoga-Latha, L. (2011). Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Plants' Extracts. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 8(1), 1-10.
Zhang, Q.W., Lin, L.G., & Ye, W.C. (2018). Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: a comprehensive review. Chinese Medicine, 13, 20. doi: 10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x
Adamczyk, B., Simon, J., Kitunen, V., Adamczyk, S., & Smolander, A. (2017). Tannins and Their Complex Interaction with Different Organic Nitrogen Compounds and Enzymes: Old Paradigms versus Recent Advances. ChemistryOpen, 6(5), 610-614. doi: 10.1002/open.201700113
Akar, Z., Küçük, M., & Doğan, H. (2017). A new colorimetric DPPH• scavenging activity method with no need for a spectrophotometer applied on synthetic and natural antioxidants and medicinal herbs. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 32(1), 640-647. doi: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1284068
Alfian, R. & Susanti, H. (2012). Penetapan Kadar Fenolik Total Ekstrak Metanol Kelopak Bunga Rosella Merah (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn) dengan Variasi Tempat Tumbuh secara Spektrofotometri. Pharmaciana, 2(1), 73-80. doi: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v2i1.655.g495
Almeer, R.S., El-Khadragy, M.F., Abdelhabib, S., & Moneim, A.E.A. (2018). Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract ameliorates schistosomiasis liver granuloma, fibrosis, and oxidative stress through downregulation of fibrinogenic signaling in mice. PLoS One, 13(10), 0204923. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204923
Asgarpanah, J. & Khoshkam, R. (2012). Phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Ruta graveolens L. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(23), 3942-3949. doi: 10.5897/JMPR12.040
Baud, G.S., Sangi, M.S., & Koleangan, H.S.J. (2014). Analisis Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Dan Uji Toksisitas Ekstrak Etanol Batang Tanaman Patah Tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli L.) dengan Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Jurnal Ilmiah Sains, 14(2), 106-112. doi: 10.35799/jis.14.2.2014.6065
Bele, A.A. & Khale, A. (2010). An Overview on Thin Layer Chromatography. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2(2), 256-267.
Cahyaningsih, R., Hidayat, S., & Hidayat, E. (2017). Perbanyakan Vegetatif Bidara Upas (Merremia mammosa (Lour.) Hallier f) Kebun Raya Bogor. Berita Biologi, 16(2), 167-174.
Cai, L. (2014). Thin Layer Chromatography. In Current Protocols Essential Laboratory Techniques, 8(1). New Jersey, United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi: 10.1002/9780470089941.et0603s08
Carlsen, M.H., Halvorsen, B.L., Holte, K., Bøhn, S.K., Dragland, S., Sampson, L., Willey, C., Senoo, H., Umezono, Y., Sanada, C., Barikmo, I., Berhe, N., Willett, W.C., Phillips, K.M., Jacobs Jr., D.R., & Blomhoff, R. (2010). The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutrition Journal, 9, 3. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-3
Kareru, P.G., Keriko, J.M., Gachanja, A.N., & Kenji, G.M. (2008). Direct Detection of Triterpenoid Saponins in Medicinal Plants. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 5(1), 56-60. doi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v5i1.31257
Kedare, S.B. & Singh, R.P. (2011). Genesis and development of DPPH method of antioxidant assay. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48(4), 412-422. doi: 10.1007/s13197-011-0251-1
Kurutas, E.B. (2016). The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress: current state. Nutrition Journal, 15, 71. doi: 10.1186/s12937-016-0186-5
Kusriani, R.H. & Az Zahra, S. (2015). Skrining Fitokimia Dan Penetapan Kadar Senyawa Fenolik Total Ekstrak Rimpang Lengkuas Merah Dan Rimpang Lengkuas Putih (Alpinia galanga L.). In Prosiding SNaPP: Kesehatan (Kedokteran, Kebidanan, Keperawatan, Farmasi, Psikologi) (pp. 295-302). Bandung, Indonesia: Universitas Islam Bandung.
Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A., & Chandra, N. (2010). Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy Review, 4(8), 118-126. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.70902
Lodish, H., Berk, A., & Zipursky, S.L. (2000). Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York, Indonesia: W. H. Freeman.
Manalu, L.P. & Adinegoro, H. (2016). Kondisi Proses Pengeringan Untuk Menghasilkan Simplisia Temuputih Standar. Jurnal Standarisasi, 18(1), 62-68.
Molyneux, P. (2004). The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 26(2), 211-219.
Najafabad, A.M. & Jamei, R. (2014). Free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of plum (Prunus domestica L.) in both fresh and dried samples. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 4(5), 343-353.
Nita, M. & Grzybowski, A. (2016). The Role of the Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress in the Pathomechanism of the Age-Related Ocular Diseases and Other Pathologies of the Anterior and Posterior Eye Segments in Adults. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2016, 3164734. doi: 10.1155/2016/3164734
Nurwidayati, A. (2012). The phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography results of Jatropha gossypiifolia seeds. Health Science Journal of Indonesia, 3(2), 27-31.
Olugbami, J.O., Gbadegesin, M.A., & Odunola, O.A. (2015). In vitro free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of ethanol extract of Terminalia glaucescens. Pharmacognosy Research, 7(1), 49-56. doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.147200
Panche, A.N., Diwan, A.D., & Chandra, S.R. (2016). Flavonoids: an overview. Journal of Nutritional Science, 5, 47. doi: 10.1017/jns.2016.41
Pham-Huy, L.A., He, H., & Pham-Huy, C. (2008). Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health. International Journal of Biomedical Science, 4(2), 89-96.
Phaniendra, A., Jestadi, D.B., & Periyasamy, L. (2015). Free Radicals: Properties, Sources, Targets, and Their Implication in Various Diseases. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 30(1), 11-26. doi: 10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0
Rahal, A., Kumar, A., Singh, V., Yadav, B., Tiwari, R., Chakraborty, S., & Dhama, K. (2014). Oxidative Stress, Prooxidants, and Antioxidants: The Interplay. BioMed Research International, 2014, 761264. doi: 10.1155/2014/761264
Rahman, M.M., Islam, M.B., Biswas, M., & Alam, A.H.M.K. (2015). In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of different parts of Tabebuia pallida growing in Bangladesh. BMC Research Notes, 8, 621. doi: 10.1186/s13104-015-1618-6
Robinson, T. (1995). Kandungan Senyawa Organik Tumbuhan Tinggi. Terjemahan Kosasih Padmawinata. Bandung, Indonesia: ITB Press.
Sasidharan, S., Chen, Y., Saravanan, D., Sundram, K.M., & Yoga-Latha, L. (2011). Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Plants' Extracts. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 8(1), 1-10.
Zhang, Q.W., Lin, L.G., & Ye, W.C. (2018). Techniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: a comprehensive review. Chinese Medicine, 13, 20. doi: 10.1186/s13020-018-0177-x
Authors
1.
Pambudi DB, Fajriyah NN, Shalekhah VR. Test on the Antioxidant Activities of Methanol Extract of Bidara Leaves (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) using the DPPH Radical Immersion Method. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2020Feb.27 [cited 2024Nov.21];3(1):44-51. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/1242
Copyright (c) 2020 Dwi Bagus Pambudi, Nuniek Nizmah Fajriyah, Vidiah Rizka Shalekhah
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