Review on COVID-19: Rise of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Outbreak
Article Sidebar
Submitted
26 May 2020
Published
22 June 2020
Keywords:
-
COVID-19, coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV
Abstract
Initially recognized of COVID-19 within the world in 2019, the World Health Organization situational report from May 22nd, 2020, globally, there is a complete of 5,204,508 confirmed cases, with 212 countries being affected by the novel coronavirus. 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is that the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses is enveloped viruses with a positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome. The SARS-CoV-2 may be a β-CoV of group 2B there is 70% comparability in genetic sequence to SARS-CoV. The source of the new coronavirus infection has been resolved as bats. With whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 is 96% comparatively at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. Mechanisms of transmission are concluded to incorporate contact, droplet, and possibly airborne under certain circumstances supported ancient experiences associated with SARS-CoV outbreaks. Although antiretroviral therapy is being widely used everywhere the globe for such patents, effects at finding a SARS-CoV vaccine haven’t succeeded so far.
Full text article
Generated from XML file
References
Adhikari, S.P., Meng, S., Wu, Y.J., Mao, Y.P., Ye, R.X., Wang, Q.Z., Sun, C., Sylvia, S., Rozelle, S., Raat, H., & Zhou, H. (2020). Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention, and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 9, 9. doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x
Arons, M.M., Hatfield, K.M., & Tanwar, S. (2020). Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and transmission in a skilled nursing facility. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(22),2081-2090. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2008457
Bárcena, M., Oostergetel, G.T., Bartelink, W., Faas, F.G.A., Verkleij, A., Rottier, P.J.M., Koster, A.J., & Bosch, B.J. (2009). Cryo-electron tomography of mouse hepatitis virus: insights into the structure of the coronavirion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(2), 582-587. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805270106
Belouzard, S., Millet, J.K., Licitra, B.N., & Whittaker, G.R. (2012). Mechanisms of Coronavirus Cell Entry Mediated by the Viral Spike Protein. Viruses, 4(6), 1011-1033. doi:10.3390/v4061011
Benbacer, L., Kut, E., Besnardeau, L., Laude, H., & Delmas, B. (1997). Interspecies aminopeptidase-N Chimeras Reveal Species-Specific Receptor Recognition by Canine Coronavirus, Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus, and Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus. Journal of Virology, 71(1), 734-737.
Bhardwaj, K., Guarino, L., & Kao, C.C. (2004). The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nsp15 Protein Is an Endoribonuclease That Prefers Manganese as a Cofactor. Journal of Virology, 78(22), 12218-12224. doi:10.1128/jvi.78.22.12218-12224.2004
Bhardwaj, K., Sun, J., Holzenburg, A., Guarino, L.A., & Kao, C.C. (2006). RNA Recognition and Cleavage by the SARS Coronavirus Endoribonuclease. Journal of Molecular Biology, 361(2), 243-256. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.021
Cao, Y.C., Deng, Q.X., & Dai, S.X. (2020). Remdesivir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19: An evaluation of the evidence. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, [Epub ahead of print], 101647. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101647
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/2019-ncov-factsheet.pdf
Chatterjee, A., Johnson, M.A., Serrano, P., Pedrini, B., Joseph, J.S., Neuman, B.W., Saikatendu, K., Buchmeier, M.J., Kuhn, P., & Wüthrich, K. (2009). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Structure Shows That the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Unique Domain Contains a Macrodomain Fold. Journal of Virology, 83(4), 1823-1836. doi:10.1128/jvi.01781-08
Chen, S., Liu, D., Tian, J., Kang, H., Guo, D., Jiang, Q., Liu, J., Li, Z., Hu, X., & Qu, L. (2019). Molecular characterization of HLJ-073, a recombinant canine coronavirus strain from China with an ORF3abc deletion. Archives of Virology, 164(8), 2159-2164. doi:10.1007/s00705-019-04296-9
Chen, Z.M., Fu, J.F., Shu, Q., Chen, Y.H., Hua, C.Z., Li, F.B., Lin, R., Tang, L.F., Wang, T.L., Wang, W., Wang, Y.S., Xu, W.Z., Yang, Z.H., Ye, S., Yuan, T.M., Zhang, C.M., & Zhang, Y.Y. (2020). Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations for Pediatric Respiratory Infection Caused by the 2019 Novel Coronavirus. World Journal of Pediatrics, 1-7. doi:10.1007/s12519-020-00345-5
Cheng, Z.J. & Shan, J. (2020). 2019 Novel coronavirus: where we are and what we know. Infection, 48, 155-163. doi:10.1007/s15010-020-01401-y
Cheng, P.K., Wong, D.A., Tong, L.K., Ip, S.M., Lo, A.C.T., Lau, C.S., Yeung, E.Y.H., & Lim, W.W.L. (2004). Viral Shedding Patterns of Coronavirus in Patients with Probable Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. The Lancet, 363(9422), 1699-1700. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16255-7
Choudhary, R. & Sharma, A.K. (2020). Potential use of hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin and azithromycin drugs in fighting COVID-19: trends, scope and relevance. New Microbes and New Infections, 35, 100684. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100684
Christian, M.D., Loutfy, M., McDonald, L.C., Martinez, K.F., Ofner, M., Wong, T., Wallington, T., Gold, W.L., Mederski, B., Green, K., & Low, D.E. (2004). Possible SARS Coronavirus Transmission during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Emerging infectious diseases, 10(2), 287-293. doi:10.3201/eid1002.030700
Cornillez-Ty, C.T., Liao, L., Yates, J.R., Kuhn, P., & Buchmeier, M.J. (2009). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nonstructural Protein 2 Interacts with a Host Protein Complex Involved in Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Intracellular Signaling. Journal of Virology, 83(19), 10314–10318. doi:10.1128/jvi.00842-09
Dbouk, T. & Drikakis, D. (2020). On coughing and airborne droplet transmission to humans. Physics of Fluids, 32, 053310. doi:10.1063/5.0011960
Decroly, E., Debarnot, C., Ferron, F., Bouvet, M., Coutard, B., Imbert, I., Gluais, L., Papageorgiou, N., Sharff, A., Bricogne, G., Ortiz-Lombardia, M., Lescar, J., & Canard, B. (2011). Crystal Structure and Functional Analysis of the SARS-coronavirus RNA Cap 2'-O-methyltransferase nsp10/nsp16 Complex. PLoS Pathogens, 7(5), e1002059. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002059
Decroly, E., Imbert, I., Coutard, B., Bouvet, M., Selisko, B., Alvarez, K., Gorbalenya, A.E., Snijder, E.J., & Canard, B. (2008). Coronavirus Nonstructural Protein 16 Is a Cap-0 Binding Enzyme Possessing (Nucleoside-2′O)-Methyltransferase Activity. Journal of Virology, 82(16), 8071-8084. doi:10.1128/jvi.00407-08
Delmas, B., Gelfi, J., L’Haridon, R., Vogel, L.K., Sjoestoem, H., Noren, O., & Laude, H. (1992). Aminopeptidase N Is a Major Receptor for the Entero-Pathogenic Coronavirus TGEV. Nature, 357(6377), 417-420. doi:10.1038/357417a0
Dhama, K., Pawaiya, R.V.S., Chakraborty, S., Tiwari, R., Saminathan, M., & Verma, A.K. (2014). Coronavirus infection in equines: A review. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(3), 164-176. doi:10.3923/ajava.2014.164.176
Drosten, C., Gunther, S., Preiser, W., van der Werf, S., Brodt, R., Berger, S., Panning, M., Kolesnikova, L., Eickmann, M., Escriou, N., Grywna, K., Kramme, S., Manuguerra, C., Muller, S., Rickerts, V., Sturmer, M., Vieth, S., Klenk, H.D., Osterhaus, A.D.M.E., Schmitz, H., & Doerr, H.W. (2003). Identification of a Novel Coronavirus in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348(20), 1967-1976. doi:10.1056/nejmoa030747
Eckerle, L.D., Becker, M.M., Halpin, R.A., Li, K., Venter, E., Lu, X., Scherbakova, S., Graham, R.L., Baric, R.S., Stockwell, T.B., Spiro, D.J., & Denison, M.R. (2010). Infidelity of SARS-CoV Nsp14-exonuclease Mutant Virus Replication Is Revealed by Complete Genome Sequencing. PLoS Pathogens, 6(5), e1000896. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000896
Eckerle, L.D., Lu, X., Sperry, S.M., Choi, L., & Denison, M.R. (2007). High Fidelity of Murine Hepatitis Virus Replication Is Decreased in nsp14 Exoribonuclease Mutants. Journal of Virology, 81(22), 12135-12144. doi:10.1128/jvi.01296-07
Egloff, M.P., Ferron, F., Campanacci, V., Longhi, S., Rancurel, C., Dutarte, H., Snijder, E.J., Gorbalenya, A.E., Cambilau, C., & Canard, B. (2004). The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Replicative Protein nsp9 Is a Single-Stranded RNA-binding Subunit Unique in the RNA Virus World. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(11), 3792-3796. doi:10.1073/pnas.0307877101
Egloff, M.P., Malet, H., Putics A., Heinonen, M., Dutarte, H., Frangeul, A., Gruez, A., Campanacci, V., Cambillau, C., Ziebuhr, J., Ahola, T., & Canard, B. (2006). Structural and Functional Basis for ADP-Ribose and Poly(ADP-Ribose) Binding by Viral Macro Domains. Journal of Virology, 80(17), 8493–8502. doi:10.1128/JVI.00713-06
Eriksson, K.K., Cervantes-Barragán, L., Ludewig, B., & Thiel, V. (2008). Mouse Hepatitis Virus Liver Pathology Is Dependent on ADP-ribose-1''-phosphatase, a Viral Function Conserved in the Alpha-Like Supergroup. Journal of Virology, 82(24), 12325-12334. doi:10.1128/jvi.02082-08
Fan, Y., Zhao, K., Shi, Z.L., & Zhou, P. (2019). Bat Coronaviruses in China. Viruses, 11(3), 210. doi:10.3390/v11030210
Frieman, M., Ratia, K., Johnston, R.E., Mesecar, A.D., & Baric, R.S. (2009). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Papain-Like Protease Ubiquitin-Like Domain and Catalytic Domain Regulate Antagonism of IRF3 and NF-kappaB Signaling. Journal of Virology, 83(13), 6689-6705. doi:10.1128/jvi.02220-08
Fu, L., Wang, B., Yuan, T., Chen, X., Ao, Y., Fitzpatrick, T., Li, P., Zhou, Y., Lin, Y.F., Duan, Q., Luo, G., Fan, S., Lu, Y., Feng, A., Zhan, Y., Liang, B., Cai, W., Zhang, L., Du, X., Li, L., Shu, Y., & Zou, H. (2020). Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Infection, 80(6), 656-665. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.041
Gadlage, M.J., Sparks, J.S., Beachboard, D.C., Cox, R.G., Doyle, J.D., Stobart, C.C., & Denison, M.R. (2010). Murine Hepatitis Virus Nonstructural Protein 4 Regulates Virus-Induced Membrane Modifications and Replication Complex Function. Journal of Virology, 84(1), 280-290. doi:10.1128/jvi.01772-09
Graham, R.L., Sims, A.C., Brockway, S.M., Baric, R.S., & Denison, M.R. (2005). The nsp2 replicase proteins of murine hepatitis virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus are dispensable for viral replication. Journal of Virology, 79(21), 13399-13411. doi:10.1128/jvi.79.21.13399-13411.2005
Guo, Y.R., Cao, Q.D., Hong, Z.S., Tan, Y.Y., Chen S.D., Jin, H.J., Tan, K.S., Wang, D.Y., & Yan, Y. (2020). The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Military Medical Research, 7, 11. doi:10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
de Haan, C.A.M. & Rottier, P.J.M. (2005). Molecular Interactions in the Assembly of Coronaviruses. Advances in Virus Research, 64, 165-230. doi:10.1016/s0065-3527(05)64006-7
Hafeez, A., Ahmad, S., Siddqui, S.A., Ahmad, M., & Mishra, S. (2020). A Review of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) Diagnosis, Treatments and Prevention. Eurasian Journal of Medical Sciences and Oncology, 4(2), 116-125. doi:10.14744/ejmo.2020.90853
Hassan, S.A., Sheikh, F.N., Jamal, S., Ezeh, J.K., & Akhtar, A. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Review of Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Cureus, 12(3), e7355. doi:10.7759/cureus.7355
Hofmann, H., Pyrc, K., van der Hoek, L., Geier, M., Berkhout, B., & Pöhlmann, S. (2005). Human Coronavirus NL63 Employs the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Receptor for Cellular Entry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(22), 7988-7993. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409465102
Hui, D.S., Azhar, I.E., Madani, T.A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O., Ippolito, G., Mchugh, T.D., Memish, Z.A., Drosten, C., Zumla, A., & Petersen, E. (2020). The Continuing 2019-nCoV Epidemic Threat of Novel Coronaviruses to Global Health - The Latest 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 91, 264-266. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009
Hurst, K.R., Koetzner, C.A., & Masters, P.S. (2013). C Characterization of a Critical Interaction between the Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein and Nonstructural Protein 3 of the Viral Replicase-Transcriptase Complex. Journal of virology, 87(16), 9159-9172. doi:10.1128/JVI.01275-13
Ivanov, K.A. & Ziebuhr, J. (2004). Human Coronavirus 229E Nonstructural Protein 13: Characterization of Duplex-Unwinding, Nucleoside Triphosphatase, and RNA 5′-Triphosphatase Activities. Journal of Virology, 78(14), 7833-7838. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.14.7833-7838.2004
Ivanov, K.A., Thiel, V., Dobbe, J.C., van der Meer, Y., Snijder, E.J., & Ziebuhr, J. (2004). Multiple Enzymatic Activities Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Helicase. Journal of Virology, 78(11), 5619-5632. doi:10.1128/jvi.78.11.5619-5632.2004
Ji, W., Wang, W., Zhao, X., Zai, J., & Li, X. (2020). Cross‐species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019‐nCoV. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(4), 433-440. doi:10.1002/jmv.25682
Jin, Y.H., Cai, L., Cheng, Z.S., Cheng, H., Deng, T., Fan, Y.P., Fang, C., Huang, D., Huang, L.Q., Huang, Q., Han, Y., Hu, B., Hu, F., Li, B.H., Li, Y.R., Liang, K., Lin, L.K., Luo, L.S., Ma, J., Ma, L.L., Peng, Z.Y., Pa, Y.B., Pan, Z.Y., Ren, X.Q., Sun, H.M., Wang, Y., Wang, Y.Y., Wang, H., Wei, C.J., Wu, D.F., Xia, J., Xiong, Y., Xu, H.B., Yao, X.M., Yuan, Y.F., Ye, T.S., Zhang, X.C., Zhang, Y.W., Zhang Y.G., Zhang, H.M., Zhao, Y., Zhao, M.J., Zi, H., Zeng, X.T., Wang, Y.Y., Wang, X.H., & he Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Novel Coronavirus Management and Research Team, Evidence-Based Medicine Chapter of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care. (2020). A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Military Medical Research, 7, 4. doi:10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6
Klausegger, A., Strobl, B., Regl, G., Kaser, A., Luytjes, W., & Vlasak, R. (1999). Identification of a Coronavirus Hemagglutinin-Esterase with a Substrate Specificity Different from Those of Influenza C Virus and Bovine Coronavirus. Journal of Virology, 73(5), 3737-3743
Krijnse-Locker, J., Ericsson, M., Rottier, P.J., & Griffiths, G. (1994). Characterization of the Budding Compartment of Mouse Hepatitis Virus: Evidence That Transport from the RER to the Golgi Complex Requires Only One Vesicular Transport Step. The Journal of Cell Biology, 124(1), 55-70. doi:10.1083/jcb.124.1.55
Kumar, P., Ahmad, M.I., & Singh, S. (2020). COVID-19: A devastating pandemic. Pharmaceutical Sciences, [Epub ahead of print], 1-26. doi:10.34172/PS.2020.34
Kuo, L. & Masters, P.S. (2013). Functional analysis of the murine coronavirus genomic RNA packaging signal. Journal of virology, 87(9), 5182-5192. doi:10.1128/jvi.00100-13
Li, B.X., Ge, J.W., & Li, Y.J. (2007). Porcine Aminopeptidase N Is a Functional Receptor for the PEDV Coronavirus. Virology, 365(1), 166-172. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.031
Li, H., Liu, S.M., Yu, X.H., Tang, S.L., & Tang, C.K. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 105951. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951
Li, W., Moore, M.J., Vasilieva, N., Sui, J., Wong, S.K., Berne, M.A., Somasundaran, M., Sullivan, J.L., Luzuriaga, K., Greenough, T.C., Choe, H., & Farzan, M. (2003). Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 Is a Functional Receptor for the SARS Coronavirus. Nature, 426(6965), 450-454. doi:10.1038/nature02145
Long, J.B. & Ehrenfeld, J.M. (2020). The Role of Augmented Intelligence (AI) in Detecting and Preventing the Spread of Novel Coronavirus. Journal of Medical Systems, 44(3), 59. doi:10.1007/s10916-020-1536-6
Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., Niu, P., Yang, B., Wu, H., Wang, W., Song, H., Huang, B., Zhu, N., Bi, Y., Ma, X., Zhang, F., Wang, L., Hu, T., Zhou, H., Hu, Z., Zhou, W., Zhao, L., Chen, J., Meng, Y., Wang, J., Lin, Y., Yuan, J., Xie, Z., Ma, J., Liu, W.J., Wang, D., Xu, W., Holmes, E.C., Gao, G.F., Wu, G., Chen, W., Shi, W., & Tan W. (2020). Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet, 395(10224), 565-574. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
McBride, R., van Zyl, M., & Fielding, B.C. (2014). The coronavirus nucleocapsid is a multifunctional protein. Viruses, 6(8), 2991-3018. doi:10.3390/v6082991
Molenkamp, R. & Spaan, W.J. (1997). Identification of a Specific Interaction Between the Coronavirus Mouse Hepatitis Virus A59 Nucleocapsid Protein and Packaging Signal. Virology, 239(1), 78-86. doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8867
Nedellec, P., Dveksler, G.S., Daniels, E., Turbide, C., Chow, B., Basile, A.A., Holmes, K.V., & Beauchemin, N. (1994). Bgp2, a New Member of the Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Gene Family, Encodes an Alternative Receptor for Mouse Hepatitis Viruses. Journal of Virology, 68(7), 4525-4537
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2020). COVID-19: Control and Prevention. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/covid-19/controlprevention.html
Okba, N.M.A., Muller, M.A., Li, W., Wang, C., GeurtsvanKessel, C.H., Corman, V.M., Lamers, M.M., Sikkema, R.S., de Bruin, E., Chandler, F.D., Yazdanpanah, Y., Hingrat, Q.L., Descamps, D., Houhou-Fidouh, N., Reusken, C.B.E.M., Bosch, B.J., Drosten, C., Koopmans, M.P.G., & Haagmans, B.L. (2020). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2−Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(7), [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.3201/eid2607.200841
Oostra, M., Hagemeijer, M.C., van Gent, M., Bekker, C.P.J., te Lintelo, E.G., Rottier, P.J.M., & de Haan, C.A.M. (2008). Topology and Membrane Anchoring of the Coronavirus Replication Complex: Not All Hydrophobic Domains of nsp3 and nsp6 Are Membrane Spanning. Journal of Virology, 82(24), 12392-12405. doi:10.1128/jvi.01219-08
Porfidia, A. & Pola, R. (2020). Venous thromboembolism and heparin use in COVID-19 patients: juggling between pragmatic choices, suggestions of medical societies. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis, [Epub ahead of print], 1-4. doi:10.1007/s11239-020-02125-4
Raj, V.S., Mou, H., Smits, S.L., Dekkers, D.H.W., Müller, M.A., Dijkman, R., Muth, D., Demmers, J.A.A., Zaki, A., Fouchier, R.A.M., Thiel, V., Drosten, C., Rottier, P.J.M., Osterhaus, A.D.M.E., Bosch, B.J., & Haagmans, B.L. (2013). Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Nature, 495(7440), 251-254. doi:10.1038/nature12005
Schoeman, D. & Fielding, B.C. (2019). Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge. Virology Journal, 16, 69. doi:10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0
Schultze, B. & Herrler, G. (1992). Bovine Coronavirus Uses N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic Acid as a Receptor Determinant to Initiate the Infection of Cultured Cells. Journal of General Virology, 73(4), 901-906. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-73-4-901
Serrano, P., Johnson, M.A., Chatterjee, A., Neuman, B.W., Joseph, J.S., Buchmeier, M.J., Kuhn, P., & Wüthrich, K. (2009). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Structure of the Nucleic Acid-Binding Domain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nonstructural Protein 3. Journal of Virology, 83(24), 12998-13008. doi:10.1128/jvi.01253-09
Shen, K., Yang, Y., Wang, T., Zhao, D., Jiang, Y., Jin, R., Zheng, Y., Xu, B., Xie, Z., Lin, L., Shang, Y., Lu, X., Shu, S., Bai, Y., Deng, J., Lu, M., Ye, L., Wang, X., Wang, Y., & Gao, L. (2020). Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection in Children: Experts' Consensus Statement. World Journal of Pediatrics, 7, 1-9. doi:10.1007/s12519-020-00343-7
Singhal, T. (2020). A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 8(4), 281-286. doi:10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6
Sturman, L.S., Holmes, K.V., & Behnke, J. (1980). Isolation of coronavirus envelope glycoproteins and interaction with the viral nucleocapsid. Journal of Virology, 33(1), 449-462
Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. & Akbari, H. (2020). The powerful immune system against powerful COVID-19: A hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses, 140, 109762. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109762
Tooze, J., Tooze, S., & Warren, G. (1984). Replication of Coronavirus MHV-A59 in Sac- Cells: Determination of the First Site of Budding of Progeny Virions. European Journal of Cell Biology, 33(2), 281-293
Trafton, A., Chu, J., & Chandler, D.L. (2020). Covid-19 diagnostic based on MIT technology might be tested on patient samples soon. http://news.mit.edu/2020/covid-19-diagnostic-test-prevention-0312
Tresnan, D.B., Levis, R., & Holmes, K.V. (1996). Feline aminopeptidase N serves as a receptor for feline, canine, porcine, and human coronaviruses in serogroup I. Journal of Virology, 70(12), 8669-8674
Williams, R.K., Jiang, G.S., & Holmes, K.V. (1991). Receptor for mouse hepatitis virus is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen family of glycoproteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88(13), 5533-5536. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.13.5533
World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Laboratory testing for 2019-nCoV in humans. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/laboratory-guidance
Worldometer. (2020). COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
Wu, F., Zhao, S., Yu, B., Chen, Y.M., Wang, W., Song, Z.G., Hu, Y., Tao, Z.W., Tian, J.H., Pei, Y.Y., Yuan, M.L., Zhang, Y.L., Dai, F.H., Liu, Y., Wang, Q.M., Zheng, J.J., Xu, L., Holmes, E.C., & Zhang, Y.Z. (2020a). A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature, 579(7798), 265-269. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3
Wu, R., Wu, L., Kuo, H.C.D., Shannar, A., Peter, R., Chou, P.J., Li, S., Hudlikar, R., Liu, X., Liu, Z., Poiani, G.J., Amorosa, L., Brunetti, L., & Kong, A.N. (2020b). An Update on Current Therapeutic Drugs Treating COVID-19. Current Pharmacology Reports, [Epub ahead of print], 1-15. doi:10.1007/s40495-020-00216-7
Xu, X., Liu, Y., Weiss, S., Arnold, E., Sarafianos, S.G., & Ding, J. (2003). Molecular Model of SARS Coronavirus Polymerase: Implications for Biochemical Functions and Drug Design. Nucleic Acids Research, 31(24), 7117-7130. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg916
Yavuz, S.S. & Unal, S. (2020). Antiviral treatment of COVID-19. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 50(3), 611-619. doi:10.3906/sag-2004-145
Yeager, C.L., Ashmun, R.A., Williams, R.K., Cardellichio, C.B., Shapiro, L.H., Look, A.T., & Holmes, K.V. (1992). Human Aminopeptidase N Is a Receptor for Human Coronavirus 229E. Nature, 357(6377), 420-422. doi:10.1038/357420a0
Yi, Y., Lagniton, P.N.P., Ye, S., Li, E., & Xu, R.H. (2020). COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1753-1766. doi:10.7150/ijbs.45134
Yu, I.T.S., Li, Y., Wong, T.W., Tam, W., Chan, A.T., Lee, J.H.W., Leung, D.Y.C., & Ho, T. (2004). Evidence of Airborne Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 350(17), 1731-1739. doi:10.1056/nejmoa032867
Zaki, A.M., van Boheemen, S., Bestebroer, T.M., Osterhaus, A.D.M.E, & Fouchier, R.A.M. (2012). Brief Report: Isolation of a Novel Coronavirus from a Man with Pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 369, 394. doi:10.1056/NEJMx130029
Zappa, A., Amendola, A., Romano, L., & Zanetti, A. (2009). Emerging and re-emerging viruses in the era of globalization. Blood Transfusion, 7(3), 167-171. doi:10.2450/2009.0076-08
Zhang, Y., Chen, C., Zhu, S., Shu, C., Wang, D., Song, J., Song, Y., Zhen, W., Feng, Z., Wu, G., Xu, J., & Xu, W. (2020a). Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a Stool Specimen of a Laboratory-Confirmed Case of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). China CDC Weekly, 2(8), 123-124. doi:10.46234/ccdcw2020.033
Zhang, Y., Xu, Q., Sun, Z., & Zhou, L. (2020b). Current targeted therapeutics against COVID-19: Based on first-line experience in China. Pharmacological Research, 157, 104854. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104854
Zhao, S., Lin, Q., Ran, J., Musa, S.S., Yang, G., Wang, M.H., Lou, Y., Gao, D., Yang, L., He, D., & Wang, M.H. (2020). Preliminary Estimation of the Basic Reproduction Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, From 2019 to 2020: A Data-Driven Analysis in the Early Phase of the Outbreak. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 92, 214-217. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.050
Zhejiang University School of Medicine. (2020). Handbook of COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment. Hangzhou, China: Zhejiang University School of Medicine.
Zheng, J. (2020). SARS-CoV-2: an Emerging Coronavirus that Causes a Global Threat. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1678-1685. doi:10.7150/ijbs.45053
Zhou, P., Yang, X., Wang, X. Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.L., Chen, H.D., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Guo, H., Jiang, R.D., Liu, M.Q., Chen, Y., Shen, X.R., Wang, X., Zheng, X.S., Zhao, K., Chen, Q.J., Deng, F., Liu, L.L., Yan, B., Zhan, F.X., Wang, Y.Y., Xiao, G.F., & Shi., Z.L. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 579(7798), 270–273. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G.F., Tan, W., & China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. (2020). A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(8), 727-733. doi:10.1056/nejmoa2001017
Ziebuhr, J., Thiel, V., & Gorbalenya, A. E. (2001). The Autocatalytic Release of a Putative RNA Virus Transcription Factor from Its Polyprotein Precursor Involves Two Paralogous Papain-like Proteases That Cleave the Same Peptide Bond. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276(35), 33220-33232. doi:10.1074/jbc.m104097200
Züst, R., Cervantes-Barragan, L., Habjan, M., Maier, R., Neuman, B.W., Ziebuhr, J., Szretter, K.J., Baker, S.C., Barchet, W., Diamond, M.S., Siddell, S.G., Ludewig, B., & Thiel, V. (2011). Ribose 2'-O-methylation Provides a Molecular Signature for the Distinction of Self and Non-Self mRNA Dependent on the RNA Sensor Mda5. Nature Immunology, 12(2), 137-143. doi:10.1038/ni.1979
Arons, M.M., Hatfield, K.M., & Tanwar, S. (2020). Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and transmission in a skilled nursing facility. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(22),2081-2090. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2008457
Bárcena, M., Oostergetel, G.T., Bartelink, W., Faas, F.G.A., Verkleij, A., Rottier, P.J.M., Koster, A.J., & Bosch, B.J. (2009). Cryo-electron tomography of mouse hepatitis virus: insights into the structure of the coronavirion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(2), 582-587. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805270106
Belouzard, S., Millet, J.K., Licitra, B.N., & Whittaker, G.R. (2012). Mechanisms of Coronavirus Cell Entry Mediated by the Viral Spike Protein. Viruses, 4(6), 1011-1033. doi:10.3390/v4061011
Benbacer, L., Kut, E., Besnardeau, L., Laude, H., & Delmas, B. (1997). Interspecies aminopeptidase-N Chimeras Reveal Species-Specific Receptor Recognition by Canine Coronavirus, Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus, and Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus. Journal of Virology, 71(1), 734-737.
Bhardwaj, K., Guarino, L., & Kao, C.C. (2004). The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nsp15 Protein Is an Endoribonuclease That Prefers Manganese as a Cofactor. Journal of Virology, 78(22), 12218-12224. doi:10.1128/jvi.78.22.12218-12224.2004
Bhardwaj, K., Sun, J., Holzenburg, A., Guarino, L.A., & Kao, C.C. (2006). RNA Recognition and Cleavage by the SARS Coronavirus Endoribonuclease. Journal of Molecular Biology, 361(2), 243-256. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.021
Cao, Y.C., Deng, Q.X., & Dai, S.X. (2020). Remdesivir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19: An evaluation of the evidence. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, [Epub ahead of print], 101647. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101647
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). What you should know about COVID-19 to protect yourself and others. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/2019-ncov-factsheet.pdf
Chatterjee, A., Johnson, M.A., Serrano, P., Pedrini, B., Joseph, J.S., Neuman, B.W., Saikatendu, K., Buchmeier, M.J., Kuhn, P., & Wüthrich, K. (2009). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Structure Shows That the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-Unique Domain Contains a Macrodomain Fold. Journal of Virology, 83(4), 1823-1836. doi:10.1128/jvi.01781-08
Chen, S., Liu, D., Tian, J., Kang, H., Guo, D., Jiang, Q., Liu, J., Li, Z., Hu, X., & Qu, L. (2019). Molecular characterization of HLJ-073, a recombinant canine coronavirus strain from China with an ORF3abc deletion. Archives of Virology, 164(8), 2159-2164. doi:10.1007/s00705-019-04296-9
Chen, Z.M., Fu, J.F., Shu, Q., Chen, Y.H., Hua, C.Z., Li, F.B., Lin, R., Tang, L.F., Wang, T.L., Wang, W., Wang, Y.S., Xu, W.Z., Yang, Z.H., Ye, S., Yuan, T.M., Zhang, C.M., & Zhang, Y.Y. (2020). Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations for Pediatric Respiratory Infection Caused by the 2019 Novel Coronavirus. World Journal of Pediatrics, 1-7. doi:10.1007/s12519-020-00345-5
Cheng, Z.J. & Shan, J. (2020). 2019 Novel coronavirus: where we are and what we know. Infection, 48, 155-163. doi:10.1007/s15010-020-01401-y
Cheng, P.K., Wong, D.A., Tong, L.K., Ip, S.M., Lo, A.C.T., Lau, C.S., Yeung, E.Y.H., & Lim, W.W.L. (2004). Viral Shedding Patterns of Coronavirus in Patients with Probable Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. The Lancet, 363(9422), 1699-1700. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16255-7
Choudhary, R. & Sharma, A.K. (2020). Potential use of hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin and azithromycin drugs in fighting COVID-19: trends, scope and relevance. New Microbes and New Infections, 35, 100684. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100684
Christian, M.D., Loutfy, M., McDonald, L.C., Martinez, K.F., Ofner, M., Wong, T., Wallington, T., Gold, W.L., Mederski, B., Green, K., & Low, D.E. (2004). Possible SARS Coronavirus Transmission during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Emerging infectious diseases, 10(2), 287-293. doi:10.3201/eid1002.030700
Cornillez-Ty, C.T., Liao, L., Yates, J.R., Kuhn, P., & Buchmeier, M.J. (2009). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nonstructural Protein 2 Interacts with a Host Protein Complex Involved in Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Intracellular Signaling. Journal of Virology, 83(19), 10314–10318. doi:10.1128/jvi.00842-09
Dbouk, T. & Drikakis, D. (2020). On coughing and airborne droplet transmission to humans. Physics of Fluids, 32, 053310. doi:10.1063/5.0011960
Decroly, E., Debarnot, C., Ferron, F., Bouvet, M., Coutard, B., Imbert, I., Gluais, L., Papageorgiou, N., Sharff, A., Bricogne, G., Ortiz-Lombardia, M., Lescar, J., & Canard, B. (2011). Crystal Structure and Functional Analysis of the SARS-coronavirus RNA Cap 2'-O-methyltransferase nsp10/nsp16 Complex. PLoS Pathogens, 7(5), e1002059. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002059
Decroly, E., Imbert, I., Coutard, B., Bouvet, M., Selisko, B., Alvarez, K., Gorbalenya, A.E., Snijder, E.J., & Canard, B. (2008). Coronavirus Nonstructural Protein 16 Is a Cap-0 Binding Enzyme Possessing (Nucleoside-2′O)-Methyltransferase Activity. Journal of Virology, 82(16), 8071-8084. doi:10.1128/jvi.00407-08
Delmas, B., Gelfi, J., L’Haridon, R., Vogel, L.K., Sjoestoem, H., Noren, O., & Laude, H. (1992). Aminopeptidase N Is a Major Receptor for the Entero-Pathogenic Coronavirus TGEV. Nature, 357(6377), 417-420. doi:10.1038/357417a0
Dhama, K., Pawaiya, R.V.S., Chakraborty, S., Tiwari, R., Saminathan, M., & Verma, A.K. (2014). Coronavirus infection in equines: A review. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(3), 164-176. doi:10.3923/ajava.2014.164.176
Drosten, C., Gunther, S., Preiser, W., van der Werf, S., Brodt, R., Berger, S., Panning, M., Kolesnikova, L., Eickmann, M., Escriou, N., Grywna, K., Kramme, S., Manuguerra, C., Muller, S., Rickerts, V., Sturmer, M., Vieth, S., Klenk, H.D., Osterhaus, A.D.M.E., Schmitz, H., & Doerr, H.W. (2003). Identification of a Novel Coronavirus in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348(20), 1967-1976. doi:10.1056/nejmoa030747
Eckerle, L.D., Becker, M.M., Halpin, R.A., Li, K., Venter, E., Lu, X., Scherbakova, S., Graham, R.L., Baric, R.S., Stockwell, T.B., Spiro, D.J., & Denison, M.R. (2010). Infidelity of SARS-CoV Nsp14-exonuclease Mutant Virus Replication Is Revealed by Complete Genome Sequencing. PLoS Pathogens, 6(5), e1000896. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000896
Eckerle, L.D., Lu, X., Sperry, S.M., Choi, L., & Denison, M.R. (2007). High Fidelity of Murine Hepatitis Virus Replication Is Decreased in nsp14 Exoribonuclease Mutants. Journal of Virology, 81(22), 12135-12144. doi:10.1128/jvi.01296-07
Egloff, M.P., Ferron, F., Campanacci, V., Longhi, S., Rancurel, C., Dutarte, H., Snijder, E.J., Gorbalenya, A.E., Cambilau, C., & Canard, B. (2004). The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Replicative Protein nsp9 Is a Single-Stranded RNA-binding Subunit Unique in the RNA Virus World. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(11), 3792-3796. doi:10.1073/pnas.0307877101
Egloff, M.P., Malet, H., Putics A., Heinonen, M., Dutarte, H., Frangeul, A., Gruez, A., Campanacci, V., Cambillau, C., Ziebuhr, J., Ahola, T., & Canard, B. (2006). Structural and Functional Basis for ADP-Ribose and Poly(ADP-Ribose) Binding by Viral Macro Domains. Journal of Virology, 80(17), 8493–8502. doi:10.1128/JVI.00713-06
Eriksson, K.K., Cervantes-Barragán, L., Ludewig, B., & Thiel, V. (2008). Mouse Hepatitis Virus Liver Pathology Is Dependent on ADP-ribose-1''-phosphatase, a Viral Function Conserved in the Alpha-Like Supergroup. Journal of Virology, 82(24), 12325-12334. doi:10.1128/jvi.02082-08
Fan, Y., Zhao, K., Shi, Z.L., & Zhou, P. (2019). Bat Coronaviruses in China. Viruses, 11(3), 210. doi:10.3390/v11030210
Frieman, M., Ratia, K., Johnston, R.E., Mesecar, A.D., & Baric, R.S. (2009). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Papain-Like Protease Ubiquitin-Like Domain and Catalytic Domain Regulate Antagonism of IRF3 and NF-kappaB Signaling. Journal of Virology, 83(13), 6689-6705. doi:10.1128/jvi.02220-08
Fu, L., Wang, B., Yuan, T., Chen, X., Ao, Y., Fitzpatrick, T., Li, P., Zhou, Y., Lin, Y.F., Duan, Q., Luo, G., Fan, S., Lu, Y., Feng, A., Zhan, Y., Liang, B., Cai, W., Zhang, L., Du, X., Li, L., Shu, Y., & Zou, H. (2020). Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Infection, 80(6), 656-665. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.041
Gadlage, M.J., Sparks, J.S., Beachboard, D.C., Cox, R.G., Doyle, J.D., Stobart, C.C., & Denison, M.R. (2010). Murine Hepatitis Virus Nonstructural Protein 4 Regulates Virus-Induced Membrane Modifications and Replication Complex Function. Journal of Virology, 84(1), 280-290. doi:10.1128/jvi.01772-09
Graham, R.L., Sims, A.C., Brockway, S.M., Baric, R.S., & Denison, M.R. (2005). The nsp2 replicase proteins of murine hepatitis virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus are dispensable for viral replication. Journal of Virology, 79(21), 13399-13411. doi:10.1128/jvi.79.21.13399-13411.2005
Guo, Y.R., Cao, Q.D., Hong, Z.S., Tan, Y.Y., Chen S.D., Jin, H.J., Tan, K.S., Wang, D.Y., & Yan, Y. (2020). The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Military Medical Research, 7, 11. doi:10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
de Haan, C.A.M. & Rottier, P.J.M. (2005). Molecular Interactions in the Assembly of Coronaviruses. Advances in Virus Research, 64, 165-230. doi:10.1016/s0065-3527(05)64006-7
Hafeez, A., Ahmad, S., Siddqui, S.A., Ahmad, M., & Mishra, S. (2020). A Review of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) Diagnosis, Treatments and Prevention. Eurasian Journal of Medical Sciences and Oncology, 4(2), 116-125. doi:10.14744/ejmo.2020.90853
Hassan, S.A., Sheikh, F.N., Jamal, S., Ezeh, J.K., & Akhtar, A. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Review of Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Cureus, 12(3), e7355. doi:10.7759/cureus.7355
Hofmann, H., Pyrc, K., van der Hoek, L., Geier, M., Berkhout, B., & Pöhlmann, S. (2005). Human Coronavirus NL63 Employs the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Receptor for Cellular Entry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(22), 7988-7993. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409465102
Hui, D.S., Azhar, I.E., Madani, T.A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O., Ippolito, G., Mchugh, T.D., Memish, Z.A., Drosten, C., Zumla, A., & Petersen, E. (2020). The Continuing 2019-nCoV Epidemic Threat of Novel Coronaviruses to Global Health - The Latest 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 91, 264-266. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009
Hurst, K.R., Koetzner, C.A., & Masters, P.S. (2013). C Characterization of a Critical Interaction between the Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein and Nonstructural Protein 3 of the Viral Replicase-Transcriptase Complex. Journal of virology, 87(16), 9159-9172. doi:10.1128/JVI.01275-13
Ivanov, K.A. & Ziebuhr, J. (2004). Human Coronavirus 229E Nonstructural Protein 13: Characterization of Duplex-Unwinding, Nucleoside Triphosphatase, and RNA 5′-Triphosphatase Activities. Journal of Virology, 78(14), 7833-7838. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.14.7833-7838.2004
Ivanov, K.A., Thiel, V., Dobbe, J.C., van der Meer, Y., Snijder, E.J., & Ziebuhr, J. (2004). Multiple Enzymatic Activities Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Helicase. Journal of Virology, 78(11), 5619-5632. doi:10.1128/jvi.78.11.5619-5632.2004
Ji, W., Wang, W., Zhao, X., Zai, J., & Li, X. (2020). Cross‐species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019‐nCoV. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(4), 433-440. doi:10.1002/jmv.25682
Jin, Y.H., Cai, L., Cheng, Z.S., Cheng, H., Deng, T., Fan, Y.P., Fang, C., Huang, D., Huang, L.Q., Huang, Q., Han, Y., Hu, B., Hu, F., Li, B.H., Li, Y.R., Liang, K., Lin, L.K., Luo, L.S., Ma, J., Ma, L.L., Peng, Z.Y., Pa, Y.B., Pan, Z.Y., Ren, X.Q., Sun, H.M., Wang, Y., Wang, Y.Y., Wang, H., Wei, C.J., Wu, D.F., Xia, J., Xiong, Y., Xu, H.B., Yao, X.M., Yuan, Y.F., Ye, T.S., Zhang, X.C., Zhang, Y.W., Zhang Y.G., Zhang, H.M., Zhao, Y., Zhao, M.J., Zi, H., Zeng, X.T., Wang, Y.Y., Wang, X.H., & he Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Novel Coronavirus Management and Research Team, Evidence-Based Medicine Chapter of China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care. (2020). A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Military Medical Research, 7, 4. doi:10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6
Klausegger, A., Strobl, B., Regl, G., Kaser, A., Luytjes, W., & Vlasak, R. (1999). Identification of a Coronavirus Hemagglutinin-Esterase with a Substrate Specificity Different from Those of Influenza C Virus and Bovine Coronavirus. Journal of Virology, 73(5), 3737-3743
Krijnse-Locker, J., Ericsson, M., Rottier, P.J., & Griffiths, G. (1994). Characterization of the Budding Compartment of Mouse Hepatitis Virus: Evidence That Transport from the RER to the Golgi Complex Requires Only One Vesicular Transport Step. The Journal of Cell Biology, 124(1), 55-70. doi:10.1083/jcb.124.1.55
Kumar, P., Ahmad, M.I., & Singh, S. (2020). COVID-19: A devastating pandemic. Pharmaceutical Sciences, [Epub ahead of print], 1-26. doi:10.34172/PS.2020.34
Kuo, L. & Masters, P.S. (2013). Functional analysis of the murine coronavirus genomic RNA packaging signal. Journal of virology, 87(9), 5182-5192. doi:10.1128/jvi.00100-13
Li, B.X., Ge, J.W., & Li, Y.J. (2007). Porcine Aminopeptidase N Is a Functional Receptor for the PEDV Coronavirus. Virology, 365(1), 166-172. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.031
Li, H., Liu, S.M., Yu, X.H., Tang, S.L., & Tang, C.K. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 105951. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951
Li, W., Moore, M.J., Vasilieva, N., Sui, J., Wong, S.K., Berne, M.A., Somasundaran, M., Sullivan, J.L., Luzuriaga, K., Greenough, T.C., Choe, H., & Farzan, M. (2003). Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 Is a Functional Receptor for the SARS Coronavirus. Nature, 426(6965), 450-454. doi:10.1038/nature02145
Long, J.B. & Ehrenfeld, J.M. (2020). The Role of Augmented Intelligence (AI) in Detecting and Preventing the Spread of Novel Coronavirus. Journal of Medical Systems, 44(3), 59. doi:10.1007/s10916-020-1536-6
Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., Niu, P., Yang, B., Wu, H., Wang, W., Song, H., Huang, B., Zhu, N., Bi, Y., Ma, X., Zhang, F., Wang, L., Hu, T., Zhou, H., Hu, Z., Zhou, W., Zhao, L., Chen, J., Meng, Y., Wang, J., Lin, Y., Yuan, J., Xie, Z., Ma, J., Liu, W.J., Wang, D., Xu, W., Holmes, E.C., Gao, G.F., Wu, G., Chen, W., Shi, W., & Tan W. (2020). Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet, 395(10224), 565-574. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
McBride, R., van Zyl, M., & Fielding, B.C. (2014). The coronavirus nucleocapsid is a multifunctional protein. Viruses, 6(8), 2991-3018. doi:10.3390/v6082991
Molenkamp, R. & Spaan, W.J. (1997). Identification of a Specific Interaction Between the Coronavirus Mouse Hepatitis Virus A59 Nucleocapsid Protein and Packaging Signal. Virology, 239(1), 78-86. doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8867
Nedellec, P., Dveksler, G.S., Daniels, E., Turbide, C., Chow, B., Basile, A.A., Holmes, K.V., & Beauchemin, N. (1994). Bgp2, a New Member of the Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Gene Family, Encodes an Alternative Receptor for Mouse Hepatitis Viruses. Journal of Virology, 68(7), 4525-4537
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2020). COVID-19: Control and Prevention. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/covid-19/controlprevention.html
Okba, N.M.A., Muller, M.A., Li, W., Wang, C., GeurtsvanKessel, C.H., Corman, V.M., Lamers, M.M., Sikkema, R.S., de Bruin, E., Chandler, F.D., Yazdanpanah, Y., Hingrat, Q.L., Descamps, D., Houhou-Fidouh, N., Reusken, C.B.E.M., Bosch, B.J., Drosten, C., Koopmans, M.P.G., & Haagmans, B.L. (2020). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2−Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(7), [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.3201/eid2607.200841
Oostra, M., Hagemeijer, M.C., van Gent, M., Bekker, C.P.J., te Lintelo, E.G., Rottier, P.J.M., & de Haan, C.A.M. (2008). Topology and Membrane Anchoring of the Coronavirus Replication Complex: Not All Hydrophobic Domains of nsp3 and nsp6 Are Membrane Spanning. Journal of Virology, 82(24), 12392-12405. doi:10.1128/jvi.01219-08
Porfidia, A. & Pola, R. (2020). Venous thromboembolism and heparin use in COVID-19 patients: juggling between pragmatic choices, suggestions of medical societies. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis, [Epub ahead of print], 1-4. doi:10.1007/s11239-020-02125-4
Raj, V.S., Mou, H., Smits, S.L., Dekkers, D.H.W., Müller, M.A., Dijkman, R., Muth, D., Demmers, J.A.A., Zaki, A., Fouchier, R.A.M., Thiel, V., Drosten, C., Rottier, P.J.M., Osterhaus, A.D.M.E., Bosch, B.J., & Haagmans, B.L. (2013). Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Nature, 495(7440), 251-254. doi:10.1038/nature12005
Schoeman, D. & Fielding, B.C. (2019). Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge. Virology Journal, 16, 69. doi:10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0
Schultze, B. & Herrler, G. (1992). Bovine Coronavirus Uses N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic Acid as a Receptor Determinant to Initiate the Infection of Cultured Cells. Journal of General Virology, 73(4), 901-906. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-73-4-901
Serrano, P., Johnson, M.A., Chatterjee, A., Neuman, B.W., Joseph, J.S., Buchmeier, M.J., Kuhn, P., & Wüthrich, K. (2009). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Structure of the Nucleic Acid-Binding Domain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nonstructural Protein 3. Journal of Virology, 83(24), 12998-13008. doi:10.1128/jvi.01253-09
Shen, K., Yang, Y., Wang, T., Zhao, D., Jiang, Y., Jin, R., Zheng, Y., Xu, B., Xie, Z., Lin, L., Shang, Y., Lu, X., Shu, S., Bai, Y., Deng, J., Lu, M., Ye, L., Wang, X., Wang, Y., & Gao, L. (2020). Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection in Children: Experts' Consensus Statement. World Journal of Pediatrics, 7, 1-9. doi:10.1007/s12519-020-00343-7
Singhal, T. (2020). A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 8(4), 281-286. doi:10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6
Sturman, L.S., Holmes, K.V., & Behnke, J. (1980). Isolation of coronavirus envelope glycoproteins and interaction with the viral nucleocapsid. Journal of Virology, 33(1), 449-462
Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. & Akbari, H. (2020). The powerful immune system against powerful COVID-19: A hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses, 140, 109762. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109762
Tooze, J., Tooze, S., & Warren, G. (1984). Replication of Coronavirus MHV-A59 in Sac- Cells: Determination of the First Site of Budding of Progeny Virions. European Journal of Cell Biology, 33(2), 281-293
Trafton, A., Chu, J., & Chandler, D.L. (2020). Covid-19 diagnostic based on MIT technology might be tested on patient samples soon. http://news.mit.edu/2020/covid-19-diagnostic-test-prevention-0312
Tresnan, D.B., Levis, R., & Holmes, K.V. (1996). Feline aminopeptidase N serves as a receptor for feline, canine, porcine, and human coronaviruses in serogroup I. Journal of Virology, 70(12), 8669-8674
Williams, R.K., Jiang, G.S., & Holmes, K.V. (1991). Receptor for mouse hepatitis virus is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen family of glycoproteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88(13), 5533-5536. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.13.5533
World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Laboratory testing for 2019-nCoV in humans. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/laboratory-guidance
Worldometer. (2020). COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
Wu, F., Zhao, S., Yu, B., Chen, Y.M., Wang, W., Song, Z.G., Hu, Y., Tao, Z.W., Tian, J.H., Pei, Y.Y., Yuan, M.L., Zhang, Y.L., Dai, F.H., Liu, Y., Wang, Q.M., Zheng, J.J., Xu, L., Holmes, E.C., & Zhang, Y.Z. (2020a). A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature, 579(7798), 265-269. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3
Wu, R., Wu, L., Kuo, H.C.D., Shannar, A., Peter, R., Chou, P.J., Li, S., Hudlikar, R., Liu, X., Liu, Z., Poiani, G.J., Amorosa, L., Brunetti, L., & Kong, A.N. (2020b). An Update on Current Therapeutic Drugs Treating COVID-19. Current Pharmacology Reports, [Epub ahead of print], 1-15. doi:10.1007/s40495-020-00216-7
Xu, X., Liu, Y., Weiss, S., Arnold, E., Sarafianos, S.G., & Ding, J. (2003). Molecular Model of SARS Coronavirus Polymerase: Implications for Biochemical Functions and Drug Design. Nucleic Acids Research, 31(24), 7117-7130. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg916
Yavuz, S.S. & Unal, S. (2020). Antiviral treatment of COVID-19. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 50(3), 611-619. doi:10.3906/sag-2004-145
Yeager, C.L., Ashmun, R.A., Williams, R.K., Cardellichio, C.B., Shapiro, L.H., Look, A.T., & Holmes, K.V. (1992). Human Aminopeptidase N Is a Receptor for Human Coronavirus 229E. Nature, 357(6377), 420-422. doi:10.1038/357420a0
Yi, Y., Lagniton, P.N.P., Ye, S., Li, E., & Xu, R.H. (2020). COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1753-1766. doi:10.7150/ijbs.45134
Yu, I.T.S., Li, Y., Wong, T.W., Tam, W., Chan, A.T., Lee, J.H.W., Leung, D.Y.C., & Ho, T. (2004). Evidence of Airborne Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 350(17), 1731-1739. doi:10.1056/nejmoa032867
Zaki, A.M., van Boheemen, S., Bestebroer, T.M., Osterhaus, A.D.M.E, & Fouchier, R.A.M. (2012). Brief Report: Isolation of a Novel Coronavirus from a Man with Pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 369, 394. doi:10.1056/NEJMx130029
Zappa, A., Amendola, A., Romano, L., & Zanetti, A. (2009). Emerging and re-emerging viruses in the era of globalization. Blood Transfusion, 7(3), 167-171. doi:10.2450/2009.0076-08
Zhang, Y., Chen, C., Zhu, S., Shu, C., Wang, D., Song, J., Song, Y., Zhen, W., Feng, Z., Wu, G., Xu, J., & Xu, W. (2020a). Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a Stool Specimen of a Laboratory-Confirmed Case of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). China CDC Weekly, 2(8), 123-124. doi:10.46234/ccdcw2020.033
Zhang, Y., Xu, Q., Sun, Z., & Zhou, L. (2020b). Current targeted therapeutics against COVID-19: Based on first-line experience in China. Pharmacological Research, 157, 104854. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104854
Zhao, S., Lin, Q., Ran, J., Musa, S.S., Yang, G., Wang, M.H., Lou, Y., Gao, D., Yang, L., He, D., & Wang, M.H. (2020). Preliminary Estimation of the Basic Reproduction Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, From 2019 to 2020: A Data-Driven Analysis in the Early Phase of the Outbreak. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 92, 214-217. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.050
Zhejiang University School of Medicine. (2020). Handbook of COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment. Hangzhou, China: Zhejiang University School of Medicine.
Zheng, J. (2020). SARS-CoV-2: an Emerging Coronavirus that Causes a Global Threat. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1678-1685. doi:10.7150/ijbs.45053
Zhou, P., Yang, X., Wang, X. Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Si, H.R., Zhu, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.L., Chen, H.D., Chen, J., Luo, Y., Guo, H., Jiang, R.D., Liu, M.Q., Chen, Y., Shen, X.R., Wang, X., Zheng, X.S., Zhao, K., Chen, Q.J., Deng, F., Liu, L.L., Yan, B., Zhan, F.X., Wang, Y.Y., Xiao, G.F., & Shi., Z.L. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 579(7798), 270–273. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G.F., Tan, W., & China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. (2020). A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(8), 727-733. doi:10.1056/nejmoa2001017
Ziebuhr, J., Thiel, V., & Gorbalenya, A. E. (2001). The Autocatalytic Release of a Putative RNA Virus Transcription Factor from Its Polyprotein Precursor Involves Two Paralogous Papain-like Proteases That Cleave the Same Peptide Bond. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276(35), 33220-33232. doi:10.1074/jbc.m104097200
Züst, R., Cervantes-Barragan, L., Habjan, M., Maier, R., Neuman, B.W., Ziebuhr, J., Szretter, K.J., Baker, S.C., Barchet, W., Diamond, M.S., Siddell, S.G., Ludewig, B., & Thiel, V. (2011). Ribose 2'-O-methylation Provides a Molecular Signature for the Distinction of Self and Non-Self mRNA Dependent on the RNA Sensor Mda5. Nature Immunology, 12(2), 137-143. doi:10.1038/ni.1979
Authors
1.
Bala VC, Kumar P. Review on COVID-19: Rise of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Outbreak. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2020Jun.22 [cited 2024Dec.22];3(Special-1):103-20. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/1412
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors continue to retain the copyright to the article if the article is published in the Borneo Journal of Pharmacy. They will also retain the publishing rights to the article without any restrictions.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Any article on the copyright is retained by the author(s).
- The author grants the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share work with an acknowledgment of the work authors and initial publications in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of published articles (e.g., post-institutional repository) or publish them in a book, with acknowledgment of their initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their websites) prior to and during the submission process. This can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citations of published work.
- The article and any associated published material are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Article Details
