Pogostemon cablin from North Konawe Targets MCF-7 Cells and Inflammatory Responses Through Protein Denaturation and Membrane Stabilization
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Submitted
28 June 2025
Published
30 November 2025
Keywords:
-
Pogostemon cablin, Anti-inflammatory, HRBC membrane stabilization, Protein denaturation, Cytotoxicity
Abstract
Pogostemon cablin (Patchouli), a medicinal plant traditionally used in Indonesia, is gaining scientific attention for its potential pharmacological activities. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of P. cablin ethanolic leaf extract specifically sourced from North Konawe, Southeast Sulawesi. To evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity, two in vitro models were used: the protein denaturation inhibition assay, simulating inflammatory protein response, and the human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization assay, which mimics lysosomal membrane stability in inflamed tissues. The extract showed significant, dose-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation, with an IC50 value of 62.98 µg/mL. In the HRBC assay, the extract demonstrated membrane stabilization activity with a maximum inhibition of 64.24% at the highest tested concentration (100 µg/mL). The cytotoxic potential was assessed using the MTT assay on MCF-7 hormone-responsive breast cancer cells. The extract exhibited potent anti-proliferative activity, with an IC50 value of 91.56 ± 1.31 µg/mL, indicating its effectiveness in inhibiting breast cancer cell growth. These findings highlight P. cablin from North Konawe as a promising natural source of anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents, with the potential to contribute to the development of plant-based therapeutics. However, this study is limited to in vitro analyses; further investigations are needed to isolate active compounds and confirm efficacy through in vivo and mechanistic studies.
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21. Tajdari M, Peyrovinasab A, Bayanati M, Rabbani MIM, Abdolghaffari AH, Zarghi A. Dual COX-2/TNF-α Inhibitors as Promising Anti-inflammatory and Cancer Chemopreventive Agents: A Review. Iran J Pharm Res. 2024;23(1):e151312. DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-151312; PMCID: PMC11742592; PMID: 39830670
22. Zappavigna S, Cossu AM, Grimaldi A, Bocchetti M, Ferraro GA, Nicoletti GF, et al. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs as Anticancer Agents. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(7):2605. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072605; PMCID: PMC7177823; PMID: 32283655
23. Selvianti S, Wijaya M, Maryono M. Identifikasi Senyawa Patkouli Alkohol dari Minyak Atsiri Daun Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.). Chemica J Ilmiah Kimia Pendidikan Kimia. 2024;25(2):41-54. DOI: 10.35580/chemica.v25i2.54035
24. Yuniarty T, Atmaja RFD, Usman JIS, Orno TG. In vitro antibacterial activity of patchouli batik (Pogostemon cablin) plant extract varieties from Southeast Sulawesi and South Sulawesi. J Teknol Lab. 2023;12(2):439. DOI: 10.29238/teknolabjournal.v12i2.439
25. Fristiohady A, Mahmud T, Nuralifah, Idrus LS, Purnama LOMJ, Haruna LA, et al. Anti-inflammatory activities of lycopene on xylene-induced ear oedema in mice and its in-vitro evaluation towards protein denaturation. Res J Pharm Technol. 2025;18(3):1052-7. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00151
26. Fristiohady A, Wahyuni W, Malik F, Fariane N, Ilyas Y, Bafadal M, et al. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Smith by HRBC membrane stabilization method. J Ilmu Kefarmasian Indones. 2020;18(2):150–7. DOI: 10.35814/jifi.v18i2.731
27. Farghadani R, Rajarajeswaran J, Hashim NBM, Abdulla MA, Muniandy S. A novel β-diiminato manganese III complex as the promising anticancer agent induces G 0/G 1 cell cycle arrest and triggers apoptosis via mitochondrial-dependent pathways in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. RSC Adv. 2017;7(39):24387-98. DOI: 10.1039/C7RA02478A
28. Senthilraja P, Kathiresan K. In vitro cytotoxicity MTT assay in Vero, HepG2 and MCF 7 cell lines study of marine yeast. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2015;5(3):80–4. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50313
29. Hasan MM, Islam ME, Hossain MS, Akter M, Rahman MAA, Kazi M, et al. Unveiling the therapeutic potential: Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activity of Magnolia champaca Linn's stem bark isolate through molecular docking insights. Heliyon. 2023;10(1):e22972. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22972; PMCID: PMC10758728; PMID: 38169693
30. Wu YJ, Li SM, Chen CL, Chen ZR, Chen JJ. Anti-inflammatory activity of Pogostemon cablin: Bioactive components and their modulation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway. Bioorg Chem. 2025;161:108516. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108516; PMID: 40345124
31. Silvestrini B, Silvestrini M. Medical Implications of the Relationships among Protein Denaturation, Necrosis and Inflammation: An Intriguing Story. In: Rosenberg N, editor. Tendons - Trauma, Inflammation, Degeneration, and Treatment. London: IntechOpen; 2023. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.108018
32. Osman NI, Sidik NJ, Awal A, Adam NA, Rezali NI. In vitro xanthine oxidase and albumin denaturation inhibition assay of Barringtonia racemosa L. and total phenolic content analysis for potential anti-inflammatory use in gouty arthritis. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. 2016;5(4):343-9. DOI: 10.5455/jice.20160731025522; PMCID: PMC5061476; PMID: 27757263
33. Faradilla M, Fidrianny I, Iwo MI. Antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of ethanol extracts from Syzygium cumini L. Skeels and Pogostemon cablin Benth. Narra J. 2024;4(3):e918. DOI: 10.52225/narra.v4i3.015; PMCID: PMC11731953; PMID: 39816107
34. Azzahra SF, Harnelly E, Subianto M, Kusuma WA, Sari W. Identification and analysis of potential breast anticancer agents in Pogostemon cablin through network pharmacology. J Penelitian Pendidikan IPA. 2024;10(Special Issue):107-19. DOI: 10.29303/jppipa.v10iSpecialIssue.7049
35. Chien JH, Huang XF, Lai WL, Chang KF, Li CY, Chen SY, et al. Pogostemon cablin extract as an anticancer agent on human acute myeloid leukemia. Food Sci Nutr. 2021;9(6):3209-18. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2282; PMCID: PMC8194760; PMID: 34136185
36. Tsai CC, Chang YH, Chang CC, Cheng YM, Ou YC, Chien CC, et al. Induction of Apoptosis in Endometrial Cancer (Ishikawa) Cells by Pogostemon cablin Aqueous Extract (PCAE). Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(6):12424-35. DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612424; PMCID: PMC4490452; PMID: 26042464
37. Jeong JB, Choi J, Lou Z, Jiang X, Lee SH. Patchouli alcohol, an essential oil of Pogostemon cablin, exhibits anti-tumorigenic activity in human colorectal cancer cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013;16(2):184-90. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.04.006; PMID: 23602914
38. Sharma M, Grewal K, Jandrotia R, Batish DR, Singh HP, Kohli RK. Essential oils as anticancer agents: Potential role in malignancies, drug delivery mechanisms, and immune system enhancement. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;146:112514. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112514; PMID: 34963087
39. Huang XF, Sheu GT, Chang KF, Huang YC, Hung PH, Tsai NM. Pogostemon cablin Triggered ROS-Induced DNA Damage to Arrest Cell Cycle Progression and Induce Apoptosis on Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules. 2020;25(23):5639. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235639; PMCID: PMC7731310; PMID: 33266043
40. Nishida A, Andoh A. The Role of Inflammation in Cancer: Mechanisms of Tumor Initiation, Progression, and Metastasis. Cells. 2025;14(7):488. DOI: 10.3390/cells14070488; PMCID: PMC11987742; PMID: 40214442
2. Arnold M, Morgan E, Rumgay H, Mafra A, Singh D, Laversanne M, et al. Current and future burden of breast cancer: Global statistics for 2020 and 2040. Breast. 2022;66:15-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2022.08.010; PMCID: PMC9465273; PMID: 36084384
3. Łukasiewicz S, Czeczelewski M, Forma A, Baj J, Sitarz R, Stanisławek A. Breast Cancer-Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Prognostic Markers, and Current Treatment Strategies-An Updated Review. Cancers. 2021;13(17):4287. DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174287; PMCID: PMC8428369; PMID: 34503097
4. Orrantia-Borunda E, Anchondo-Nuñez P, Acuña-Aguilar LE, Gómez-Valles FO, Ramírez-Valdespino CA. Subtypes of Breast Cancer. In: Mayrovitz HN, editor. Breast Cancer. Brisbane (AU): Exon Publications; 2022. DOI: 10.36255/exon-publications-breast-cancer-subtypes; NBKID: NBK583808; PMID: 36122153
5. Zattarin E, Leporati R, Ligorio F, Lobefaro R, Vingiani A, Pruneri G, et al. Hormone Receptor Loss in Breast Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Settings, and Therapeutic Implications. Cells. 2020;9(12):2644. DOI: 10.3390/cells9122644; PMCID: PMC7764472; PMID: 33316954
6. Czarnecka-Czapczyńska M, Aebisher D, Oleś P, Sosna B, Krupka-Olek M, Dynarowicz K, et al. The role of photodynamic therapy in breast cancer - A review of in vitro research. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;144:112342. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112342; PMID: 34678730
7. Razak NA, Abu N, Ho WY, Zamberi NR, Tan SW, Alitheen NB, et al. Cytotoxicity of eupatorin in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells via cell cycle arrest, anti-angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1514. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37796-w; PMCID: PMC6365513; PMID: 30728391
8. Zafar A, Khatoon S, Khan MJ, Abu J, Naeem A. Advancements and limitations in traditional anti-cancer therapies: a comprehensive review of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy. Discov Oncol. 2025;16(1):607. DOI: 10.1007/s12672-025-02198-8. PMCID: PMC12021777; PMID: 40272602.
9. Gahtori R, Tripathi AH, Kumari A, Kumar R. Anticancer plant-derivatives: Deciphering their oncopreventive and therapeutic potential in molecular terms. Futur J Pharm Sci 2023;9:14. DOI: 10.1186/s43094-023-00465-5
10. Chunarkar-Patil P, Kaleem M, Mishra R, Ray S, Ahmad A, Verma D, et al. Anticancer Drug Discovery Based on Natural Products: From Computational Approaches to Clinical Studies. Biomedicines. 2024;12(1):201. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010201; PMCID: PMC10813144; PMID: 38255306
11. Asma ST, Acaroz U, Imre K, Morar A, Shah SRA, Hussain SZ, et al. Natural Products/Bioactive Compounds as a Source of Anticancer Drugs. Cancers. 2022;14(24):6203. DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246203; PMCID: PMC9777303; PMID: 36551687
12. Mrisho II, Musazade E, Chen H, Zhao H, Xing J, Li X, et al. Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Patchouli Leaves: A Comprehensive Review of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Insights. Plants. 2025;14(7):1034. DOI: 10.3390/plants14071034; PMCID: PMC11990424; PMID: 40219102
13. Fatima S, Farzeen I, Ashraf A, Aslam B, Ijaz MU, Hayat S, et al. A Comprehensive Review on Pharmacological Activities of Pachypodol: A Bioactive Compound of an Aromatic Medicinal Plant Pogostemon Cablin Benth. Molecules. 2023;28(8):3469. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083469; PMCID: PMC10141922; PMID: 37110702
14. Khairan K, Amanda R, Hasbi SY, Diah M, Hasballah K. A Perspective Study of Pogostemon cablin Benth as an Aphrodisiac. Malacca Pharm. 2023;1(2):62-70. Doi: 10.60084/mp.v1i2.61
15. Zheng T, Lin Z, Jiang G, Chen H, Yang Y, Zeng X. Pogostone attenuates osteolysis in breast cancer by inhibiting the NF-kB and JNK signaling pathways of osteoclast. Life Sci. 2023;328:121611. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121611; PMID: 37068706
16. Deng Y, Liang X, Zhao L, Zhou X, Liu J, Li Z, et al. Pogostemon cablin Acts as a Key Regulator of NF-κB Signaling and Has a Potent Therapeutic Effect on Intestinal Mucosal Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm. 2025;2025:9000672. DOI: 10.1155/mi/9000672; PMCID: PMC12052453; PMID: 40331148
17. Zhao H, Wu L, Yan G, Chen Y, Zhou M, Wu Y, et al. Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):263. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00658-5; PMCID: PMC8273155; PMID: 34248142
18. Singh N, Baby D, Rajguru JP, Patil PB, Thakkannavar SS, Pujari VB. Inflammation and cancer. Ann Afr Med. 2019;18(3):121-6. DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_56_18; PMCID: PMC6704802; PMID: 31417011
19. Tripathi S, Sharma Y, Kumar D. Unveiling the link between chronic inflammation and cancer. Metabol Open. 2025;25:100347. DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2025.100347; PMCID: PMC11772974; PMID: 39876904
20. Wen Y, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Yang X, Gao Y, Li M, et al. Chronic inflammation, cancer development and immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1040163. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1040163; PMCID: PMC9614255; PMID: 36313280
21. Tajdari M, Peyrovinasab A, Bayanati M, Rabbani MIM, Abdolghaffari AH, Zarghi A. Dual COX-2/TNF-α Inhibitors as Promising Anti-inflammatory and Cancer Chemopreventive Agents: A Review. Iran J Pharm Res. 2024;23(1):e151312. DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-151312; PMCID: PMC11742592; PMID: 39830670
22. Zappavigna S, Cossu AM, Grimaldi A, Bocchetti M, Ferraro GA, Nicoletti GF, et al. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs as Anticancer Agents. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(7):2605. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072605; PMCID: PMC7177823; PMID: 32283655
23. Selvianti S, Wijaya M, Maryono M. Identifikasi Senyawa Patkouli Alkohol dari Minyak Atsiri Daun Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.). Chemica J Ilmiah Kimia Pendidikan Kimia. 2024;25(2):41-54. DOI: 10.35580/chemica.v25i2.54035
24. Yuniarty T, Atmaja RFD, Usman JIS, Orno TG. In vitro antibacterial activity of patchouli batik (Pogostemon cablin) plant extract varieties from Southeast Sulawesi and South Sulawesi. J Teknol Lab. 2023;12(2):439. DOI: 10.29238/teknolabjournal.v12i2.439
25. Fristiohady A, Mahmud T, Nuralifah, Idrus LS, Purnama LOMJ, Haruna LA, et al. Anti-inflammatory activities of lycopene on xylene-induced ear oedema in mice and its in-vitro evaluation towards protein denaturation. Res J Pharm Technol. 2025;18(3):1052-7. DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00151
26. Fristiohady A, Wahyuni W, Malik F, Fariane N, Ilyas Y, Bafadal M, et al. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Smith by HRBC membrane stabilization method. J Ilmu Kefarmasian Indones. 2020;18(2):150–7. DOI: 10.35814/jifi.v18i2.731
27. Farghadani R, Rajarajeswaran J, Hashim NBM, Abdulla MA, Muniandy S. A novel β-diiminato manganese III complex as the promising anticancer agent induces G 0/G 1 cell cycle arrest and triggers apoptosis via mitochondrial-dependent pathways in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. RSC Adv. 2017;7(39):24387-98. DOI: 10.1039/C7RA02478A
28. Senthilraja P, Kathiresan K. In vitro cytotoxicity MTT assay in Vero, HepG2 and MCF 7 cell lines study of marine yeast. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2015;5(3):80–4. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2015.50313
29. Hasan MM, Islam ME, Hossain MS, Akter M, Rahman MAA, Kazi M, et al. Unveiling the therapeutic potential: Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activity of Magnolia champaca Linn's stem bark isolate through molecular docking insights. Heliyon. 2023;10(1):e22972. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22972; PMCID: PMC10758728; PMID: 38169693
30. Wu YJ, Li SM, Chen CL, Chen ZR, Chen JJ. Anti-inflammatory activity of Pogostemon cablin: Bioactive components and their modulation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway. Bioorg Chem. 2025;161:108516. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108516; PMID: 40345124
31. Silvestrini B, Silvestrini M. Medical Implications of the Relationships among Protein Denaturation, Necrosis and Inflammation: An Intriguing Story. In: Rosenberg N, editor. Tendons - Trauma, Inflammation, Degeneration, and Treatment. London: IntechOpen; 2023. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.108018
32. Osman NI, Sidik NJ, Awal A, Adam NA, Rezali NI. In vitro xanthine oxidase and albumin denaturation inhibition assay of Barringtonia racemosa L. and total phenolic content analysis for potential anti-inflammatory use in gouty arthritis. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. 2016;5(4):343-9. DOI: 10.5455/jice.20160731025522; PMCID: PMC5061476; PMID: 27757263
33. Faradilla M, Fidrianny I, Iwo MI. Antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of ethanol extracts from Syzygium cumini L. Skeels and Pogostemon cablin Benth. Narra J. 2024;4(3):e918. DOI: 10.52225/narra.v4i3.015; PMCID: PMC11731953; PMID: 39816107
34. Azzahra SF, Harnelly E, Subianto M, Kusuma WA, Sari W. Identification and analysis of potential breast anticancer agents in Pogostemon cablin through network pharmacology. J Penelitian Pendidikan IPA. 2024;10(Special Issue):107-19. DOI: 10.29303/jppipa.v10iSpecialIssue.7049
35. Chien JH, Huang XF, Lai WL, Chang KF, Li CY, Chen SY, et al. Pogostemon cablin extract as an anticancer agent on human acute myeloid leukemia. Food Sci Nutr. 2021;9(6):3209-18. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2282; PMCID: PMC8194760; PMID: 34136185
36. Tsai CC, Chang YH, Chang CC, Cheng YM, Ou YC, Chien CC, et al. Induction of Apoptosis in Endometrial Cancer (Ishikawa) Cells by Pogostemon cablin Aqueous Extract (PCAE). Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(6):12424-35. DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612424; PMCID: PMC4490452; PMID: 26042464
37. Jeong JB, Choi J, Lou Z, Jiang X, Lee SH. Patchouli alcohol, an essential oil of Pogostemon cablin, exhibits anti-tumorigenic activity in human colorectal cancer cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2013;16(2):184-90. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.04.006; PMID: 23602914
38. Sharma M, Grewal K, Jandrotia R, Batish DR, Singh HP, Kohli RK. Essential oils as anticancer agents: Potential role in malignancies, drug delivery mechanisms, and immune system enhancement. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;146:112514. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112514; PMID: 34963087
39. Huang XF, Sheu GT, Chang KF, Huang YC, Hung PH, Tsai NM. Pogostemon cablin Triggered ROS-Induced DNA Damage to Arrest Cell Cycle Progression and Induce Apoptosis on Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules. 2020;25(23):5639. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235639; PMCID: PMC7731310; PMID: 33266043
40. Nishida A, Andoh A. The Role of Inflammation in Cancer: Mechanisms of Tumor Initiation, Progression, and Metastasis. Cells. 2025;14(7):488. DOI: 10.3390/cells14070488; PMCID: PMC11987742; PMID: 40214442
Authors
1.
Fristiohady A, Jafriati J, Anwar I, Asasutjarit R, Purnama LOMJ, Haruna LA, Yodha AWM, Hariana H, Bafadal M. Pogostemon cablin from North Konawe Targets MCF-7 Cells and Inflammatory Responses Through Protein Denaturation and Membrane Stabilization. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2025Nov.30 [cited 2025Dec.6];8(4):326-34. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/10168
Copyright (c) 2025 Adryan Fristiohady, Jafriati Jafriati, Irvan Anwar, Rathapon Asasutjarit, La Ode Muhammad Julian Purnama, Lidya Agriningsih Haruna, Agung Wibawa Mahatva Yodha, Hariana Hariana, Mentarry Bafadal
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