Evaluation of Clove Volatile Extract Vaporizer Mats for Mosquito Control Against Aedes aegypti: Bioassay and Computational Analysis
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Submitted
20 October 2025
Published
30 June 2026
Keywords:
-
Aedes aegypti, Syzigium aromaticum, Molecular docking, Vaporizer mat, Volatile extract
Abstract
Syzygium aromaticum contains bioactive compounds that may serve as natural alternatives to synthetic mosquito control agents. This study aimed to evaluate the mosquitocidal activity of stem, leaf, and bud extracts of S. aromaticum, formulated as vaporizer mats, against Aedes aegypti and to identify potential molecular targets of the major compounds in these extracts through computational analysis. Volatile extracts from stems, leaves, and buds were prepared by ethanol maceration and formulated into vaporizer mats at concentrations of 0.5% and 1%. A total of 525 adult A. aegypti (F330 strain) were exposed under controlled laboratory conditions in accordance with WHO guidelines. Mortality, LT50, and LT90 values were recorded after exposure. Molecular docking was performed against odorant-binding protein AaegOBP1 and pyruvate kinase (PK1), followed by molecular dynamics simulation. Among all treatments, bud extract at 1% produced the highest mortality (33%), compared with 2% in the negative control. LT50 and LT90 values for this treatment were 1.468 minutes and 50.543 minutes, respectively, indicating prolonged biological activity. Docking analysis showed that β-caryophyllene had the strongest affinity toward AaegOBP1 (-8.4 kcal/mol), while chavicol showed the strongest interaction with PK1 (-6.5 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics simulation confirmed stable ligand-receptor interactions with RMSF values below 3 Å. These findings indicate that S. aromaticum bud extract has moderate mosquitocidal potential in vaporizer mat formulation and may act through olfactory disruption and metabolic interference in A. aegypti.
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References
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2. Jung H, An H, Lee M, Lee J, Tak JH. Comparative Efficacy of Commercial Liquid and Mat-Type Electric Vaporizer Insecticides Against Asian Tiger Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2021;58(6):2274-83. DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab087; PMID: 34021566.
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4. Parra-Henao G, Coelho G, Escobar JP, Gonzalvez G, Bezerra H. Beyond the traditional vector control and the need the strengthening integrated vector management in Latin America. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2021;8:2049936121997655. DOI: 10.1177/2049936121997655; PMID: 33717481; PMCID: PMC7922610.
5. Abbasi E. Mechanisms of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: A systematic review of biochemical and physiological perspectives for sustainable vector control. Medicine. 2026;105(13):e48068. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000048068; PMID: 41894285; PMCID: PMC13034918.
6. Carrera LC, Piedra L, Torres-Cosme R, Castillo AM, Bruno A, Ramírez JL, et al. Insecticide resistance status and mechanisms in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from different dengue endemic regions of Panama. Trop Med Health. 2024;52(1):69. DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00637-w; PMID: 39385264; PMCID: PMC11462824.
7. Corzo-Gómez JC, Espinosa-Juárez JV, Ovando-Zambrano JC, Briones-Aranda A, Cruz-Salomón A, Esquinca-Avilés HA. A Review of Botanical Extracts with Repellent and Insecticidal Activity and Their Suitability for Managing Mosquito-Borne Disease Risk in Mexico. Pathogens. 2024;13(9):737. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13090737; PMID: 39338928; PMCID: PMC11435231.
8. Isman MB. Botanical Insecticides in the Twenty-First Century-Fulfilling Their Promise? Annu Rev Entomol. 2020;65:233-49. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025010; PMID: 31594414.
9. Xue Q, Xiang Z, Wang S, Cong Z, Gao P, Liu X. Recent advances in nutritional composition, phytochemistry, bioactive, and potential applications of Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae). Front Nutr. 2022;9:1002147. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1002147; PMID: 36313111; PMCID: PMC9614275.
10. Liñán-Atero R, Aghababaei F, García SR, Hasiri Z, Ziogkas D, Moreno A, et al. Clove Essential Oil: Chemical Profile, Biological Activities, Encapsulation Strategies, and Food Applications. Antioxidants. 2024;13(4):488. DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040488; PMID: 38671935; PMCID: PMC11047511.
11. Abdelmuhsin AA, Sulieman AME, Salih ZA, Al-Azmi M, Alanaizi NA, Goniem AE, et al. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Pods: Revealing Their Antioxidant Potential via GC-MS Analysis and Computational Insights. Pharmaceuticals. 2025;18(4):504. DOI: 10.3390/ph18040504. PMID: 40283940; PMCID: PMC12030067.
12. Benelli G, Jeffries CL, Walker T. Biological Control of Mosquito Vectors: Past, Present, and Future. Insects. 2016;7(4):52. DOI: 10.3390/insects7040052; PMID: 27706105; PMCID: PMC5198200.
13. Konopka JK, Task D, Afify A, Raji J, Deibel K, Maguire S, Lawrence R, Potter CJ. Olfaction in Anopheles mosquitoes. Chem Senses. 2021;46:bjab021. DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab021; PMID: 33885760; PMCID: PMC8256107.
14. Aini NS, Ansori ANM, Herdiansyah MA, Kharisma VD, Widyananda MH, Murtadlo AAA, et al. Antimalarial potential of phytochemical compounds from Garcinia atroviridis Griff ex. T. Anders targeting multiple proteins of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7: An in silico approach. Biointegration. 2024;5:34. DOI: 10.15212/bioi-2024-0075.
15. Rohmah EA, Subekti S, Rudyanto M. Larvicidal Activity and Histopathological Effect of Averrhoa bilimbi Fruit Extract on Aedes aegypti from Surabaya, Indonesia. J Parasitol Res. 2020;2020:8866373. DOI: 10.1155/2020/8866373; PMID: 32802485; PMCID: PMC7416286.
16. Corbel V, Kont MD, Ahumada ML, Andréo L, Bayili B, Bayili K, et al. A new WHO bottle bioassay method to assess the susceptibility of mosquito vectors to public health insecticides: results from a WHO-coordinated multi-centre study. Parasit Vectors. 2023;16(1):21. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05554-7; PMID: 36670470; PMCID: PMC9863080.
17. Herdiansyah MA, Ansori ANM, Kharisma VD, Alifiansyah MRT, Anggraini D, Priyono QAP, et al. In silico study of cladosporol and its acyl derivatives as anti-breast cancer against alpha-estrogen receptor. Biosaintifika. 2024;16(1):142-54. DOI: 10.15294/biosaintifika.v15i1.949.
18. Alifiansyah MRT, Herdiansyah MA, Pratiwi RC, Pramesti RP, Hafsyah NW, Rania AP, et al. QSAR of acyl alizarin red biocompound derivatives of Rubia tinctorum roots and its ADMET properties as anti-breast cancer candidates against MMP-9 protein receptor: In Silico study. Food Syst. 2024;7(2):312-20. DOI: 10.21323/2618-9771-2024-7-2-312-320.
19. Bakry AM, Abbas S, Ali B, Majeed H, Abouelwafa MY, Mousa A, et al. Microencapsulation of Oils: A Comprehensive Review of Benefits, Techniques, and Applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2016;15(1):143-182. DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12179; PMID: 33371581.
20. Batiha GE, Alkazmi LM, Wasef LG, Beshbishy AM, Nadwa EH, Rashwan EK. Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtaceae): Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities. Biomolecules. 2020;10(2):202. DOI: 10.3390/biom10020202; PMID: 32019140; PMCID: PMC7072209.
21. El Asbahani A, Miladi K, Badri W, Sala M, Aït Addi EH, Casabianca H, et al. Essential oils: from extraction to encapsulation. Int J Pharm. 2015;483(1-2):220-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.069; PMID: 25683145.
22. Kafle L, Shih CJ. Toxicity and repellency of compounds from clove (Syzygium aromaticum) to red imported fire ants Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J Econ Entomol. 2013;106(1):131-5. DOI: 10.1603/ec12230; PMID: 23448024.
23. Karahisar E, Köse YB, İşcan G, Kürkçüoğlu M, Tugay O. Chemical composition and anticandidal activity of volatile extract obtained from different part of Prangos heyniae H. Duman & M. F. Watson. Rec Nat Prod. 2021;16:74–83. DOI: 10.25135/rnp.264.21.02.197.
24. Alfikri FN, Pujiarti R, Wibisono MG, Hardiyanto EB. Yield, Quality, and Antioxidant Activity of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Bud Oil at the Different Phenological Stages in Young and Mature Trees. Scientifica. 2020;2020:9701701. DOI: 10.1155/2020/9701701; PMID: 32566363; PMCID: PMC7290900.
25. Wei MC, Xiao J, Yang YC. Extraction of α-humulene-enriched oil from clove using ultrasound-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and studies of its fictitious solubility. Food Chem. 2016;210:172-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.076; PMID: 27211636.
26. Frohlich PC, Santos KA, Palú F, Cardozo-Filho L, da Silva C, da Silva EA. Evaluation of the effects of temperature and pressure on the extraction of eugenol from clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) leaves using supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids. 2019;143:313–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.09.009.
27. Zainul R, Novel DS, Satriawan H, Goh KW, Jakhmola V, Rebezov M, et al. In silico gene transcription of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid from broccoli fruit (Brassica oleracea var. italica) with estrogen receptor beta protein. Pharmacogn J. 2024;16(4):791-6. DOI: 10.5530/pj.2024.16.131.
28. Benet LZ, Hosey CM, Ursu O, Oprea TI. BDDCS, the Rule of 5 and drugability. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016;101:89-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.007; PMID: 27182629; PMCID: PMC4910824.
29. Lipinski CA. Lead- and drug-like compounds: the rule-of-five revolution. Drug Discov Today Technol. 2004;1(4):337-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2004.11.007; PMID: 24981612.
30. Mun CS, Hui LY, Sing LC, Karunakaran R, Ravichandran V. Multi-targeted molecular docking, pharmacokinetics, and drug-likeness evaluation of coumarin based compounds targeting proteins involved in development of COVID-19. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022;29(12):103458. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103458; PMID: 36187455; PMCID: PMC9512525.
31. Kuriata A, Gierut AM, Oleniecki T, Ciemny MP, Kolinski A, Kurcinski M, et al. CABS-flex 2.0: a web server for fast simulations of flexibility of protein structures. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46(W1):W338-43. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky356; PMID: 29762700; PMCID: PMC6031000.
32. Ferenczy GG, Kellermayer M. Contribution of hydrophobic interactions to protein mechanical stability. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2022;20:1946–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.04.025.
33. Kiran Z, Khan HN, Rasheed S, Begum S, Choudhary MI, Sara, et al. Isolation of secondary metabolites from Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry. (cloves), and evaluation of their biological activities. Nat Prod Res. 2023;37(12):2018-23. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2112956; PMID: 35997246.
34. Pandey VK, Srivastava S, Ashish, Dash KK, Singh R, Dar AH, et al. Bioactive properties of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil nanoemulsion: A comprehensive review. Heliyon. 2023;10(1):e22437. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22437; PMID: 38163240; PMCID: PMC10755278.
35. Brito NF, Moreira MF, Melo AC. A look inside odorant-binding proteins in insect chemoreception. J Insect Physiol. 2016;95:51-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.09.008; PMID: 27639942.
36. Liggri PGV, Pérez-Garrido A, Tsitsanou KE, Dileep KV, Michaelakis A, Papachristos DP, et al. 2D finger-printing and molecular docking studies identified potent mosquito repellents targeting odorant binding protein 1. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2023;157:103961. DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103961; PMID: 37217081.
37. Herdiansyah MA, Rizaldy R, Alifiansyah MR, Fetty AJ, Anggraini D, Agustina N, et al. Molecular interaction analysis of ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid) as main bioactive compound from palm oil waste against MCF-7 receptors: An in silico study. Narra J. 2024;4(2):e775. DOI: 10.52225/narra.v4i2.775; PMID: 39280296; PMCID: PMC11391962.
38. Ożarowski M, Mikołajczak PŁ, Kujawski R, Wielgus K, Klejewski A, Wolski H, et al. Pharmacological Effect of Quercetin in Hypertension and Its Potential Application in Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension: Review of In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Studies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018:7421489. DOI: 10.1155/2018/7421489; PMID: 30622610; PMCID: PMC6304490.
39. Yadav DK, Bharitkar YP, Hazra A, Pal U, Verma S, Jana S, et al. Tamarixetin 3-O-β-d-Glucopyranoside from Azadirachta indica Leaves: Gastroprotective Role through Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Activity in Mice. J Nat Prod. 2017;80(5):1347-53. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00957; PMID: 28493718.
Authors
1.
Herdiansyah MA, Arsad RN, Qolbi RN, Permatasari I, Rohmah EA, Subekti S, Zahra SF, Mulyatno KC, Pratiwi IA, Ya’cob Z, Darmanto W. Evaluation of Clove Volatile Extract Vaporizer Mats for Mosquito Control Against Aedes aegypti: Bioassay and Computational Analysis. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2026Jun.30 [cited 2026Aug.14];9(2):131-44. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/11189
Copyright (c) 2026 Mochammad Aqilah Herdiansyah, Rifaid Nur Arsad, Rosalia Nuril Qolbi, Inge Permatasari, Etik Ainun Rohmah, Sri Subekti, Siti Fatimatuz Zahra, Kris Cahyo Mulyatno, Intan Ayu Pratiwi, Zubaidah Ya’cob, Win Darmanto
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