Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Hyperuricemia Activity Test In Vivo of Ethanolic Extract of Shallot (Allium cepa L.) Skin
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Submitted
24 April 2020
Published
31 August 2020
Keywords:
-
Hyperuricemia, Allopurinol, Potassium oxonate, Shallot, Shallot skin
Abstract
Uric acid is the final product of purine metabolism that will be excreted through urine, feces, and sweat. Excessive production of uric acid can cause hyperuricemia, known as gout. The skin of shallots (Allium cepa L.) is one of the household wastes that are very rarely used by the community. Ethanol extract of shallot skin (EESS) was tested for phytochemical screening and anti-hyperuricemia activity using potassium oxonate. Mice were divided into five groups (Allopurinol, Na-CMC, EESS 200 mg/kg BW, 300 mg/kg BW, and 400 mg/kg BW) and uric acid levels were observed at 2-hour intervals for six hours. Phytochemical screening shows that EESS has potential compounds in the treatment of gout. Tests to reduce uric acid levels showed that EESS has better potential than allopurinol at concentrations of 300 mg/kg BW and 400 mg/kg BW after six hours of induction in reducing uric acid levels.
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References
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Benítez, V., Mollá, E., Martín-Cabrejas, M.A., Aguilera, Y., López-Andréu, F.J., Cools, K., Terry, L.A., & Esteban, R.M. (2011). Characterization of Industrial Onion Wastes (Allium cepa L.): Dietary Fibre and Bioactive Compounds. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 66, 48-57. doi:10.1007/s11130-011-0212-x
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Ewadh, M.J., Smaism, M.F., Jawad, A.M., Mkhlof, S., Aljubouri, O.M., & Ewadh, M.M. (2015). Using Soursop Extracts for Natural Gout Treatment. American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 3(5), 37-39. doi:10.11648/j.bio.20150305.12
Garcia-Arroyo, F.E., Gonzaga, G., Muñoz-Jiménez, I., Blas-Marron, M.G., Silverio, O., Tapia, E., Soto, V., Ranganathan, N., Ranganathan, P., Vyas, U., Irvin, A., Ir, D., Robertson, C.E., Frank, D.N., Johnson, R.J., & Sánchez-Lozada, L.G. (2018). Probiotic supplements prevented oxonic acid-induced hyperuricemia and renal damage. Plos One, 13(8), e0202901. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202901
Grygiel-Górniak, B. & Puszczewicz, M.J. (2014). Diet in hyperurykemia and gout – myths and facts. Rheumatology, 52(4), 269-279. doi:10.5114/reum.2014.44707
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Haro, G., Iksen, I., Rumanti, R.M., Marbun, N., Sari, R.P., & Gultom, R.P.J. (2018). Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Minerals Value from Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.). Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 11(1), 232-237. doi:10.7324/RJC.2018.1112011
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Kanbara, A. & Seyama, I. (2011). Effect of urine pH on uric acid excretion by manipulating food materials. Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids, 30(12), 1066-1071. doi:10.1080/15257770.2011.596498
Kapoor, N. & Saxena, S. (2016). Xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant potential of Indian Muscodor species. 3 Biotech, 6(2), 248. doi:10.1007/s13205-016-0569-5
Kutzing, M.K. & Firestein, B.L. (2008). Altered uric acid levels and disease states. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 324(1), 1-7. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.129031
Lv, H., Chen, J., Liu, F., Jin, Y., Xu, Z., Wen, C., & Yu, J. (2019). A Traditional Clinic Chinese Medicine Prescription Qu-Zhuo-Tong-Bi (QZTB) Alleviates Gouty Arthritis in Model Rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019, 9456318. doi:10.1155/2019/9456318
Maiuolo, J., Oppedisano, F., Gratteri, S., Muscoli, C., & Mollace, V. (2016). Regulation of uric acid metabolism and excretion. International Journal of Cardiology, 213, 8-14. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.109
Martillo, M.A., Nazzal, L., & Crittenden, D.B. (2014). The Crystallization of Monosodium Urate. Current Rheumatology Reports, 16(2), 400. doi:10.1007/s11926-013-0400-9
McDonagh, E.M., Thorn, C.F., Callaghan, J.T., Altman, R.B., & Klein, T.E. (2014). PharmGKB summary: uric acid-lowering drugs pathway, pharmacodynamics. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics, 24(9), 464-476. doi:10.1097/FPC.0000000000000058
Ningsih, S. & Fahrudin, F. (2018). Lowering Uric Acid Efficacy Test of The Combined Extract of Uncaria gambir (Hunter) roxb. and Caesalpinia sappan L. In Vivo and In Vitro. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(8), 166-170. doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i8.26020
Oh, D.R., Kim, J.R., Choi, C.Y., Choi, C.H., Na, C.S., Kang, B.Y., Kim, S.J., & Kim, Y.R. (2019). Effects of ChondroT on potassium Oxonate-induced Hyperuricemic mice: downregulation of xanthine oxidase and urate transporter 1. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19, 10. doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2415-2
de Oliveira, E.P. & Burini, R.C. (2012). Review high plasma uric acid concentration: causes and consequences. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 4, 12. doi:10.1186/1758-5996-4-12
Oskoueian, E., Abdullah, N., Hendra, R., & Karimi, E. (2011). Bioactive compounds, antioxidant, xanthine oxidase inhibitory, tyrosinase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities of selected agro-industrial by-products. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12(12), 8610-8625. doi:10.3390/ijms12128610
Ouyang, H., Hou, K., Peng, W., Liu, Z., & Deng, H. (2018). Antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of total polyphenols from onion. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 25(7), 1509-1513. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.08.005
Ragab, G., Elshahaly, M., & Bardin, T. (2017). Gout: An old disease in new perspective - A review. Journal of Advanced Research, 8(5), 495-511. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2017.04.008
Rahmat, A., Leng, C.Y., Bakar, F.I.A., & Bakar, M.F.A. (2018). Effect of Red Onion (Allium cepa var. Aggregatum G. Don) on Serum Uric Acid Level and Total Antioxidant Status in Normal and Induced Hyperuricemic Rats. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(3), 178-183. doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.21790
Roddy, E. & Choi, H.K. (2014). Epidemiology of gout. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, 40(2), 155-175. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2014.01.001
Shani, M., Vinker, S., Dinour, D., Leiba, M., Twig, G., Holtzman, E.J., & Leiba, A. (2016). High Normal Uric Acid Levels Are Associated with an Increased Risk of Diabetes in Lean, Normoglycemic Healthy Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 101(10), 3772-3778. doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2107
Suresh, E. (2005). Diagnosis and management of gout: a rational approach. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 81(959), 572-579. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2004.030692
Tausche, A.K., Jansen, T.L., Schröder, H.E., Bornstein, S.R., Aringer, M., & Müller-Ladner, U. (2009). Gout--current diagnosis and treatment. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 106(34-35), 549-555. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2009.0549
Avarez-Lario, B. & Macarrón-Vicente, J. (2011). Is there anything good in uric acid? QJM - Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians, 104(12), 1015-1024. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcr159
Bakar, F.I.A., Bakar, M.F.A., Rahmat, A., Abdullah, N., Sabran, S.F., & Endrini, S. (2018). Anti-gout Potential of Malaysian Medicinal Plants. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 261. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00261
Benítez, V., Mollá, E., Martín-Cabrejas, M.A., Aguilera, Y., López-Andréu, F.J., Cools, K., Terry, L.A., & Esteban, R.M. (2011). Characterization of Industrial Onion Wastes (Allium cepa L.): Dietary Fibre and Bioactive Compounds. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 66, 48-57. doi:10.1007/s11130-011-0212-x
Benn, C.L., Dua, P., Gurrell, R., Loudon, P., Pike, A., Storer, R.I., & Vangjeli, C. (2018). Physiology of Hyperuricemia and Urate-Lowering Treatments. Frontiers in Medicine, 5, 160. doi:10.3389/fmed.2018.00160
Chen, P.E., Liu, C.Y., Chien, W.H., Chien, C.W., & Tung, T.H. (2019). Effectiveness of Cherries in Reducing Uric Acid and Gout: A Systematic Review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019, 9896757. doi:10.1155/2019/9896757
Ewadh, M.J., Smaism, M.F., Jawad, A.M., Mkhlof, S., Aljubouri, O.M., & Ewadh, M.M. (2015). Using Soursop Extracts for Natural Gout Treatment. American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 3(5), 37-39. doi:10.11648/j.bio.20150305.12
Garcia-Arroyo, F.E., Gonzaga, G., Muñoz-Jiménez, I., Blas-Marron, M.G., Silverio, O., Tapia, E., Soto, V., Ranganathan, N., Ranganathan, P., Vyas, U., Irvin, A., Ir, D., Robertson, C.E., Frank, D.N., Johnson, R.J., & Sánchez-Lozada, L.G. (2018). Probiotic supplements prevented oxonic acid-induced hyperuricemia and renal damage. Plos One, 13(8), e0202901. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202901
Grygiel-Górniak, B. & Puszczewicz, M.J. (2014). Diet in hyperurykemia and gout – myths and facts. Rheumatology, 52(4), 269-279. doi:10.5114/reum.2014.44707
Haidari, F., Rashidi, M.R., Keshavarz, S.A., Mahboob, S.A., Eshraghian, M.R., & Shahi, M.M. (2008). Effects of Onion on Serum Uric Acid Levels and Hepatic Xanthine Dehydrogenase/Xanthine Oxidase Activities in Hyperuricemic Rats. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11(14), 1779-1784. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2008.1779.1784
Haro, G., Iksen, I., Rumanti, R.M., Marbun, N., Sari, R.P., & Gultom, R.P.J. (2018). Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Minerals Value from Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R.Br.). Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 11(1), 232-237. doi:10.7324/RJC.2018.1112011
Jin, M., Yang, F., Yang, I, Yin, Y., Luo, J.J., Wang, H., & Yang, X.F. (2012). Uric acid, hyperuricemia and vascular diseases. Frontiers in Bioscience, 17, 656-669. doi:10.2741/3950
Kanbara, A. & Seyama, I. (2011). Effect of urine pH on uric acid excretion by manipulating food materials. Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids, 30(12), 1066-1071. doi:10.1080/15257770.2011.596498
Kapoor, N. & Saxena, S. (2016). Xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant potential of Indian Muscodor species. 3 Biotech, 6(2), 248. doi:10.1007/s13205-016-0569-5
Kutzing, M.K. & Firestein, B.L. (2008). Altered uric acid levels and disease states. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 324(1), 1-7. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.129031
Lv, H., Chen, J., Liu, F., Jin, Y., Xu, Z., Wen, C., & Yu, J. (2019). A Traditional Clinic Chinese Medicine Prescription Qu-Zhuo-Tong-Bi (QZTB) Alleviates Gouty Arthritis in Model Rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019, 9456318. doi:10.1155/2019/9456318
Maiuolo, J., Oppedisano, F., Gratteri, S., Muscoli, C., & Mollace, V. (2016). Regulation of uric acid metabolism and excretion. International Journal of Cardiology, 213, 8-14. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.109
Martillo, M.A., Nazzal, L., & Crittenden, D.B. (2014). The Crystallization of Monosodium Urate. Current Rheumatology Reports, 16(2), 400. doi:10.1007/s11926-013-0400-9
McDonagh, E.M., Thorn, C.F., Callaghan, J.T., Altman, R.B., & Klein, T.E. (2014). PharmGKB summary: uric acid-lowering drugs pathway, pharmacodynamics. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics, 24(9), 464-476. doi:10.1097/FPC.0000000000000058
Ningsih, S. & Fahrudin, F. (2018). Lowering Uric Acid Efficacy Test of The Combined Extract of Uncaria gambir (Hunter) roxb. and Caesalpinia sappan L. In Vivo and In Vitro. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(8), 166-170. doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i8.26020
Oh, D.R., Kim, J.R., Choi, C.Y., Choi, C.H., Na, C.S., Kang, B.Y., Kim, S.J., & Kim, Y.R. (2019). Effects of ChondroT on potassium Oxonate-induced Hyperuricemic mice: downregulation of xanthine oxidase and urate transporter 1. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 19, 10. doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2415-2
de Oliveira, E.P. & Burini, R.C. (2012). Review high plasma uric acid concentration: causes and consequences. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 4, 12. doi:10.1186/1758-5996-4-12
Oskoueian, E., Abdullah, N., Hendra, R., & Karimi, E. (2011). Bioactive compounds, antioxidant, xanthine oxidase inhibitory, tyrosinase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities of selected agro-industrial by-products. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12(12), 8610-8625. doi:10.3390/ijms12128610
Ouyang, H., Hou, K., Peng, W., Liu, Z., & Deng, H. (2018). Antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of total polyphenols from onion. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 25(7), 1509-1513. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.08.005
Ragab, G., Elshahaly, M., & Bardin, T. (2017). Gout: An old disease in new perspective - A review. Journal of Advanced Research, 8(5), 495-511. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2017.04.008
Rahmat, A., Leng, C.Y., Bakar, F.I.A., & Bakar, M.F.A. (2018). Effect of Red Onion (Allium cepa var. Aggregatum G. Don) on Serum Uric Acid Level and Total Antioxidant Status in Normal and Induced Hyperuricemic Rats. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(3), 178-183. doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.21790
Roddy, E. & Choi, H.K. (2014). Epidemiology of gout. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, 40(2), 155-175. doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2014.01.001
Shani, M., Vinker, S., Dinour, D., Leiba, M., Twig, G., Holtzman, E.J., & Leiba, A. (2016). High Normal Uric Acid Levels Are Associated with an Increased Risk of Diabetes in Lean, Normoglycemic Healthy Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 101(10), 3772-3778. doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2107
Suresh, E. (2005). Diagnosis and management of gout: a rational approach. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 81(959), 572-579. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2004.030692
Tausche, A.K., Jansen, T.L., Schröder, H.E., Bornstein, S.R., Aringer, M., & Müller-Ladner, U. (2009). Gout--current diagnosis and treatment. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 106(34-35), 549-555. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2009.0549
Authors
1.
Syahrina S, Asfianti V, Gurning K, Iksen I. Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Hyperuricemia Activity Test In Vivo of Ethanolic Extract of Shallot (Allium cepa L.) Skin. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2020Aug.31 [cited 2024Apr.18];3(3):146-51. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/1365
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