Determination of Gossypol in Hamid and Bt (Seeni 1) Cottonseed Oil using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
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Submitted
24 August 2020
24 August 2020
Published
30 November 2020
30 November 2020
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the gossypol content in Bt cottonseed (Seeni-1) oil by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with an Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) element. The wavelengths used were selected by spiking refined, bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) to gossypol concentrations of 0-5% and noting the regions of maximal absorbance. Absorbance values of the wavelength regions 3700-2400 & 1900-750 cm−1 and a partial least squares (PLS) method were used to derive calibration models for Hamid cottonseed oil, Seeni-1 cottonseed oil, and gossypol-spiked RBDPO. The coefficients of determination (R2) for the calibration models were computed for the FTIR spectroscopy results against those found by using the wet chemical method AOCS method Ba 8–78. The R2 was 0.8916, 0.9581, and 0.9374 for Hamid cottonseed oil, Seeni-1 cottonseed oil, and gossypol-spiked RBDPO, respectively. The standard error (SE) of the calibration was 0.053, 0.078, and 0.062, respectively. The calibration models were validated using the cross-validation technique within the same set of oil samples. The results of FTIR spectroscopy as a useful technique determining gossypol content in crude cottonseed oil showed that there is a significant difference (p <0.05) in the amount of gossypol content in Hamid and Bt Seeni-1 cottonseed oils.
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References
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Alexander, J., Benford, D., Cockburn, A., Cravedi, J.P., Dogliotti, E., Di Domenico, A., Férnandez-Cruz, M.L., Fürst, P., Fink-Gremmels, J., Galli, C.L., Grandjean, P., Gzyl, J., Heinemeyer, G., Johansson, N., Mutti, A., Schlatter, J., van Leeuwen, R., Van Peteghem, C., & Verger, P. (2008). Gossypol as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA Journal, 908, 1-55.
Alkhalf, M.I. & Mirghani, M.E.S. (2017). Detection of formaldehyde in cheese using FTIR spectroscopy. International Food Research Journal, 24(Suppl), S496-S500.
Arrondo, J.L., Muga, A., Castresana, J., & Goñi, F.M. (1993). Quantitative studies of the structure of proteins in solution by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 59(1), 23-56. doi:10.1016/0079-6107(93)90006-6
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (1995). Official Methods of Analysis Ba 8-78. Maryland, US: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
Bailey, C.A., Stipanovic, R.D., Ziehr, M.S., Haq, A.U., Sattar, M., Kubena, L.F., Kim, H.L., & Vieira, R.M. (2000). Cottonseed with a High (+)- to (−)-Gossypol Enantiomer Ratio Favorable to Broiler Production. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(11), 5692-5695. doi:10.1021/jf000211n
Baker, M.J., Trevisan, J., Bassan, P., Bhargava, R., Butler, H.J., Dorling, K.M., Fielden, P.R., Fogarty, S.W., Fullwood, N.J., Heys, K.A., Hughes, C., Lasch, P., Martin-Hirsch, P.L., Obinaju, B., Sockalingum, G.D., Sulé-Suso, J., Strong, R.J., Walsh, M.J., Wood, B.R., Gardner, P., & Martin, F.L. (2014). Using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy to analyze biological materials. Nature Protocols, 9(8), 1771-1791. doi:10.1038/nprot.2014.110
Che Man, Y.B. & Mirghani, M.E.S. (2000). Rapid method for determining moisture content in crude palm oil by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 77(6), 631-637. doi:10.1007/s11746-000-0102-9
Chen, Y., Zou, C., Mastalerz, M., Hu, S., Gasaway, C., & Tao, X. (2015). Applications of Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in the Geological Sciences—A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(12), 30223-30250. doi:10.3390/ijms161226227
Coutinho, E.M. (2002). Gossypol: a contraceptive for men. Contraception, 65(4), 259-263. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00294-9
Dalefield, R. (2017). Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand, 1st Edition. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Fernandez, S.R., Zhang, Y., & Parsons, C.M. (1995). Dietary formulation with cottonseed meal on a total amino acid versus a digestible amino acid basis. Poultry Science, 74(7), 1168-1179. doi:10.3382/ps.0741168
Fuller, M.P., Ritter, G.L., & Draper, C.S. (1988). Partial Least-Squares Quantitative Analysis of Infrared Spectroscopic Data. Part II: Application to Detergent Analysis. Applied Spectroscopy, 42(2), 228-236. doi:10.1366/0003702884428347
Gadelha, I.C.N., Fonseca, N.B.S., Oloris, S.C.S., Melo, M.M., & Soto-Blanco, B. (2014). Gossypol Toxicity from Cottonseed Products. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 231635. doi:10.1155/2014/231635
Ibrahim, M.A., Griko, N., Junker, M., & Bulla, L.A. (2010). Bacillus thuringiensis: A genomics and proteomics perspective. Bioengineered Bugs, 1(1), 31-50. doi:10.4161/bbug.1.1.10519
Kakani, R., Gamboa, D.A., Calhoun, M.C., Haq, A.U., & Bailey, C.A. (2010). Relative Toxicity of Cottonseed Gossypol Enantiomers in Broilers. The Open Toxicology Journal, 4, 26-31. doi:10.2174/1874340401004010026
Kenar, J.A. (2006). Reaction chemistry of gossypol and its derivatives. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 83(4), 269-302. doi:10.1007/s11746-006-1203-1
Kranthi, K.R. (2012). Bt Cotton: Questions and Answers. Mumbai, India: Indian Society for Cotton Improvement.
Lordelo, M.M., Davis, A.J., Calhoun, M.C., Dowd, M.K., & Dale, N.M. (2005). Relative toxicity of gossypol enantiomers in broilers. Poultry Science, 84(9), 1376-1382. doi:10.1093/ps/84.9.1376
Martens, J., Berden, G., Bentlage, H., Coene, K.L.M., Engelke, U.F., Wishart, D., van Scherpenzeel, M., Kluijtmans, L.A.J., Wevers, R.A., & Oomens, J. (2018). Unraveling the unknown areas of the human metabolome: the role of infrared ion spectroscopy. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, 41(3), 367-377. doi:10.1007/s10545-018-0161-8
Mirghani, M.E.S., Kabbashi, N.A., Alam, M.Z., Qudsieh, I.Y., & Alkatib, M.F.R. (2011). Rapid Method for the Determination of Moisture Content in Biodiesel Using FTIR Spectroscopy. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 88(12), 1897-1904. doi:10.1007/s11746-011-1866-0
Mirghani, M.E.S. & Che Man, Y.B. (2003). A new method for determining gossypol in cottonseed oil by FTIR spectroscopy. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 80(7), 625-628. doi:10.1007/s11746-003-0749-2
Painter, P., Starsinic, M., & Coleman, M. (1985). Determination of Functional Groups in Coal by Fourier Transform Interferometry. In Ferraro, J.R. & Basile, L.J. (Eds). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra: Applications to Chemical Systems, 4, 169-241. Cambridge, US: Academic Press.
Pons, W.A., Hoffpauir, C.L., & Hopper, T.H. (1953). Gossypol in cottonseed: influence of variety of cottonseed and environment. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1(18), 1115-1118.
Rogers, G.M., Poore, M.H., & Paschal, J.C. (2002). Feeding cotton products to cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 18(2), 267-294. doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(02)00020-8
Soto-Blanco, B. (2008). Gossipol e fatores antinutricionais da soja. In Spinosa, H.S., Górniak, S.L., & Neto, J.P. (Eds.), Toxicologia Aplicada à Medicina Veterinária, 531-545. Barueri, Brazil: Manole.
Stuart, B.H. (2004). Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications. New Jersey, US: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/0470011149.ch3
Wedegaertner, T. & Rathore, K. (2015). Elimination of Gossypol in Cottonseed will Improve its Utilization. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 29, 124-125. doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.212
Yadav, L.D.S. (2005). Organic Spectroscopy. 52-106. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Ye, W.S., Liang, J.C., & Hsu, T.C. (1983). Toxicity of a male contraceptive, gossypol, in mammalian cell cultures. In Vitro, 19(1), 53-57. doi:10.1007/bf02617994
Zhang, W.J., Xu, Z.R., Sun, J.Y., & Yang, X. (2006). Effect of selected fungi on the reduction of gossypol levels and nutritional value during solid substrate fermentation of cottonseed meal. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B, 7(9), 690-695. doi:10.1631/jzus.2006.B0690
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Alexander, J., Benford, D., Cockburn, A., Cravedi, J.P., Dogliotti, E., Di Domenico, A., Férnandez-Cruz, M.L., Fürst, P., Fink-Gremmels, J., Galli, C.L., Grandjean, P., Gzyl, J., Heinemeyer, G., Johansson, N., Mutti, A., Schlatter, J., van Leeuwen, R., Van Peteghem, C., & Verger, P. (2008). Gossypol as undesirable substance in animal feed. EFSA Journal, 908, 1-55.
Alkhalf, M.I. & Mirghani, M.E.S. (2017). Detection of formaldehyde in cheese using FTIR spectroscopy. International Food Research Journal, 24(Suppl), S496-S500.
Arrondo, J.L., Muga, A., Castresana, J., & Goñi, F.M. (1993). Quantitative studies of the structure of proteins in solution by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 59(1), 23-56. doi:10.1016/0079-6107(93)90006-6
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (1995). Official Methods of Analysis Ba 8-78. Maryland, US: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
Bailey, C.A., Stipanovic, R.D., Ziehr, M.S., Haq, A.U., Sattar, M., Kubena, L.F., Kim, H.L., & Vieira, R.M. (2000). Cottonseed with a High (+)- to (−)-Gossypol Enantiomer Ratio Favorable to Broiler Production. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(11), 5692-5695. doi:10.1021/jf000211n
Baker, M.J., Trevisan, J., Bassan, P., Bhargava, R., Butler, H.J., Dorling, K.M., Fielden, P.R., Fogarty, S.W., Fullwood, N.J., Heys, K.A., Hughes, C., Lasch, P., Martin-Hirsch, P.L., Obinaju, B., Sockalingum, G.D., Sulé-Suso, J., Strong, R.J., Walsh, M.J., Wood, B.R., Gardner, P., & Martin, F.L. (2014). Using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy to analyze biological materials. Nature Protocols, 9(8), 1771-1791. doi:10.1038/nprot.2014.110
Che Man, Y.B. & Mirghani, M.E.S. (2000). Rapid method for determining moisture content in crude palm oil by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 77(6), 631-637. doi:10.1007/s11746-000-0102-9
Chen, Y., Zou, C., Mastalerz, M., Hu, S., Gasaway, C., & Tao, X. (2015). Applications of Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in the Geological Sciences—A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(12), 30223-30250. doi:10.3390/ijms161226227
Coutinho, E.M. (2002). Gossypol: a contraceptive for men. Contraception, 65(4), 259-263. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00294-9
Dalefield, R. (2017). Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand, 1st Edition. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Fernandez, S.R., Zhang, Y., & Parsons, C.M. (1995). Dietary formulation with cottonseed meal on a total amino acid versus a digestible amino acid basis. Poultry Science, 74(7), 1168-1179. doi:10.3382/ps.0741168
Fuller, M.P., Ritter, G.L., & Draper, C.S. (1988). Partial Least-Squares Quantitative Analysis of Infrared Spectroscopic Data. Part II: Application to Detergent Analysis. Applied Spectroscopy, 42(2), 228-236. doi:10.1366/0003702884428347
Gadelha, I.C.N., Fonseca, N.B.S., Oloris, S.C.S., Melo, M.M., & Soto-Blanco, B. (2014). Gossypol Toxicity from Cottonseed Products. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 231635. doi:10.1155/2014/231635
Ibrahim, M.A., Griko, N., Junker, M., & Bulla, L.A. (2010). Bacillus thuringiensis: A genomics and proteomics perspective. Bioengineered Bugs, 1(1), 31-50. doi:10.4161/bbug.1.1.10519
Kakani, R., Gamboa, D.A., Calhoun, M.C., Haq, A.U., & Bailey, C.A. (2010). Relative Toxicity of Cottonseed Gossypol Enantiomers in Broilers. The Open Toxicology Journal, 4, 26-31. doi:10.2174/1874340401004010026
Kenar, J.A. (2006). Reaction chemistry of gossypol and its derivatives. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 83(4), 269-302. doi:10.1007/s11746-006-1203-1
Kranthi, K.R. (2012). Bt Cotton: Questions and Answers. Mumbai, India: Indian Society for Cotton Improvement.
Lordelo, M.M., Davis, A.J., Calhoun, M.C., Dowd, M.K., & Dale, N.M. (2005). Relative toxicity of gossypol enantiomers in broilers. Poultry Science, 84(9), 1376-1382. doi:10.1093/ps/84.9.1376
Martens, J., Berden, G., Bentlage, H., Coene, K.L.M., Engelke, U.F., Wishart, D., van Scherpenzeel, M., Kluijtmans, L.A.J., Wevers, R.A., & Oomens, J. (2018). Unraveling the unknown areas of the human metabolome: the role of infrared ion spectroscopy. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease, 41(3), 367-377. doi:10.1007/s10545-018-0161-8
Mirghani, M.E.S., Kabbashi, N.A., Alam, M.Z., Qudsieh, I.Y., & Alkatib, M.F.R. (2011). Rapid Method for the Determination of Moisture Content in Biodiesel Using FTIR Spectroscopy. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 88(12), 1897-1904. doi:10.1007/s11746-011-1866-0
Mirghani, M.E.S. & Che Man, Y.B. (2003). A new method for determining gossypol in cottonseed oil by FTIR spectroscopy. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 80(7), 625-628. doi:10.1007/s11746-003-0749-2
Painter, P., Starsinic, M., & Coleman, M. (1985). Determination of Functional Groups in Coal by Fourier Transform Interferometry. In Ferraro, J.R. & Basile, L.J. (Eds). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra: Applications to Chemical Systems, 4, 169-241. Cambridge, US: Academic Press.
Pons, W.A., Hoffpauir, C.L., & Hopper, T.H. (1953). Gossypol in cottonseed: influence of variety of cottonseed and environment. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1(18), 1115-1118.
Rogers, G.M., Poore, M.H., & Paschal, J.C. (2002). Feeding cotton products to cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 18(2), 267-294. doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(02)00020-8
Soto-Blanco, B. (2008). Gossipol e fatores antinutricionais da soja. In Spinosa, H.S., Górniak, S.L., & Neto, J.P. (Eds.), Toxicologia Aplicada à Medicina Veterinária, 531-545. Barueri, Brazil: Manole.
Stuart, B.H. (2004). Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications. New Jersey, US: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/0470011149.ch3
Wedegaertner, T. & Rathore, K. (2015). Elimination of Gossypol in Cottonseed will Improve its Utilization. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 29, 124-125. doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.212
Yadav, L.D.S. (2005). Organic Spectroscopy. 52-106. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Ye, W.S., Liang, J.C., & Hsu, T.C. (1983). Toxicity of a male contraceptive, gossypol, in mammalian cell cultures. In Vitro, 19(1), 53-57. doi:10.1007/bf02617994
Zhang, W.J., Xu, Z.R., Sun, J.Y., & Yang, X. (2006). Effect of selected fungi on the reduction of gossypol levels and nutritional value during solid substrate fermentation of cottonseed meal. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B, 7(9), 690-695. doi:10.1631/jzus.2006.B0690
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1.
Abdelrahman SA, Yassin AA, Mirghani MES, Bashir NH. Determination of Gossypol in Hamid and Bt (Seeni 1) Cottonseed Oil using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2020Nov.30 [cited 2025Apr.16];3(4):227-34. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/1592
Copyright (c) 2020 Samah AM Abdelrahman, Atif AA Yassin, Mohamed Elwathig Saeed Mirghani, Nabil HH Bashir
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