Immunity-Boosting Natural Herbs to Combat COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review
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Submitted
4 August 2021
Published
30 November 2021
Keywords:
-
Phytomedicine, Hydroxychloroquine, Glycyrrhizin, Virion
Abstract
Coronaviruses cause some severe forms of respiratory infections such as Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). These viruses cause diarrhea in pigs and cows and upper respiratory disease in chickens, while other symptoms may differ. In humans, a total of six coronaviruses have been identified HCoVs-NL63, HCoVs-OC43, HCoVs-229E, HCoVs-HKU1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV. The world health organization (WHO) has done a great deal of hard work regarding combating the monstrous effects of this virus. So far, no specific antiviral drugs have been developed for the treatment of Covid-19. Therefore, the medicinal plants used for the previous epidemic outbreaks are getting attention for their potential treatment against the virus. It has been reported that 70 to 80% of people in developing countries depend on medicinal plants or phytomedicine compared to allopathic drugs for their primary healthcare. The south Asian subcontinents have used almost up to 25,000 formulations and extracts obtained from medicinal plants for treatment in folk medicine. The present review discusses an overview of the coronavirus, its immune responses, and some immunity-boosting herbs to combat Covid-19.
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References
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2. Ahmad A, Rehman MU, Alkharfy KM. An alternative approach to minimize the risk of coronavirus (Covid-19) and similar infections. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24(7):4030-4. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202004_20873
3. Neiderud CJ. How urbanization affects the epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases. Infect Ecol Epidemiol. 2015;5:27060. doi:10.3402/iee.v5.27060
4. Čivljak R, Markotić A, Kuzman I. The third coronavirus epidemic in the third millennium: what’s next? Croat Med J. 2020;61(1):1-4. doi:10.3325/cmj.2020.61.1
5. Li H, Liu SM, Yu XH, Tang SL, Tang CK. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(5):105951. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951
6. Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):11. doi:10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
7. Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: An Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus. J Virol. 2020;94(7):e00127-20. doi:10.1128/jvi.00127-20
8. Lotfi M, Hamblin MR, Rezaei N. COVID-19: Transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;508:254-66. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2020.05.044
9. Bazant MZ, Bush JWM. A guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118(17):e2018995118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2018995118
10. Balachandar V, Mahalaxmi I, Kaavya J, Vivekanandhan G, Ajithkumar S, Arul N, et al. COVID-19: emerging protective measures. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24(6):3422-5. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202003_20713
11. Gautret P, Lagier J-C, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(1):105949. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
12. Yavuz SŞ, Ünal S. Antiviral treatment of COVID-19. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50(SI-1):611-9. doi:10.3906/sag-2004-145
13. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033-4. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30628-0
14. Li G, Clercq ED. Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020;19(3):149-50. doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00016-0
15. Jean SS, Lee, PI, Hsueh PR. Treatment options for COVID-19: The reality and challenges. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53(3):436-43. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.034
16. Hughes JP, Rees S, Kalindjian SB, Philpott KL. Principles of early drug discovery. Br J Pharmacol. 2011;162(6):1239-49. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01127.x
17. Villena-Tejada M, Vera-Ferchau I, Cardona-Rivero A, Zamalloa-Cornejo R, Quispe-Florez M, Frisancho-Triveño Z, et al. Use of medicinal plants for COVID-19 prevention and respiratory symptom treatment during the pandemic in Cusco, Peru: A cross-sectional survey. PLoS One. 2021;16(9):e0257165. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257165
18. Parasuraman S, Thing GS, Dhanaraj SA. Polyherbal formulation: Concept of Ayurveda. Pharmacogn Rev. 2014;8(16):73-80. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.134229
19. Patel B, Sharma S, Nair N, Majeed J, Goyal RK, Dhobi M. Therapeutic opportunities of edible antiviral plants for COVID-19. Mol Cell Biochem. 2021;476(6):2345-64. doi:10.1007/s11010-021-04084-7
20. Pal M, Berhanu G, Desalegn C, Kandi V. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): An Update. Cureus. 2020;12(3):e7423. doi:10.7759/cureus.7423
21. Weiss SR, Leibowitz JL. Coronavirus pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res. 2011;81:85-164. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385885-6.00009-2
22. Phan T. Novel coronavirus: From discovery to clinical diagnostics. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;79:104211. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104211
23. Payne S. Viruses: From Understanding to Investigation. Cambridge (MA): Academic Press; 2017. Chapter 17, Family Coronaviridae. Viruses; p.149-58. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803109-4.00017-9
24. Hirose R, Ikegaya H, Naito Y, Watanabe N, Yoshida T, Bandou R, et al. Survival of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus on the human skin: Importance of hand hygiene in COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa1517. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1517
25. Schoeman D, Fielding BC. Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge. Virol J. 2019;16(1):69. doi:10.1186/s12985-019-1182-0
26. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271-80. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
27. Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, Huang J, Gan J, Huang X, et al. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death Differ. 2020;27(5):1451-4. doi:10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3
28. Ni W, Yang X, Yang D, Bao J, Li R, Xiao Y, et al. Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in COVID-19. Crit Care. 2020;24:422. doi:10.1186/s13054-020-03120-0
29. Cao X. COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20:269-70. doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0308-3
30. Thevarajan I, Nguyen THO, Koutsakos M, Druce J, Caly L, van de Sandt CE, et al. Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: a case report of non-severe COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020;26(4):453-5. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0819-2
31. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
32. Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, Zhang S, Yang S, Tao Y, et al. Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients with Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):762-8. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa248
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Authors
1.
Nimesh S, Akram M, Ahmad MI, Ahmad A, Kumari P, Lal M. Immunity-Boosting Natural Herbs to Combat COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2021Nov.30 [cited 2024Dec.21];4(4):260-72. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/2534
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