Microbes, Clinical trials, Drug Discovery, and Vaccine Development: The Current Perspectives
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Submitted
13 August 2021
13 August 2021
Published
30 November 2021
30 November 2021
Abstract
Because of the frequent emergence of novel microbial species and the re-emergence of genetic variants of hitherto known microbes, the global healthcare system, and human health has been thrown into jeopardy. Also, certain microbes that possess the ability to develop multi-drug resistance (MDR) have limited the treatment options in cases of serious infections, and increased hospital and treatment costs, and associated morbidity and mortality. The recent discovery of the novel Coronavirus (n-CoV), the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is causing the CoV Disease-19 (COVID-19) has resulted in severe morbidity and mortality throughout the world affecting normal human lives. The major concern with the current pandemic is the non-availability of specific drugs and an incomplete understanding of the pathobiology of the virus. It is therefore important for pharmaceutical establishments to envisage the discovery of therapeutic interventions and potential vaccines against the novel and MDR microbes. Therefore, this review is attempted to update and explore the current perspectives in microbes, clinical research, drug discovery, and vaccine development to effectively combat the emerging novel and re-emerging genetic variants of microbes.
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References
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2. Pal M, Berhanu G, Desalegn C, Kandi V. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): An Update. Cureus. 2020;12(3):e7423. doi:10.7759/cureus.7423
3. Mahal A, Duan M, Zinad DS, Mohapatra RK, Obaidullah AJ, Wei X, et al. Recent progress in chemical approaches for the development of novel neuraminidase inhibitors. RSC Adv. 2021;11(3):1804-40. doi:10.1039/D0RA07283D
4. Mohapatra RK, Pintilie L, Kandi V, Sarangi AK, Das D, Sahu R, et al. The recent challenges of highly contagious COVID-19, causing respiratory infections: Symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, possible vaccines, animal models, and immunotherapy. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2020;96(5):1187-208. doi:10.1111/cbdd.13761
5. Gubler DJ, Vasilakis N, Musso D. History and Emergence of Zika Virus. J Infect Dis. 2017;216(Suppl_10):S860-S867. doi:10.1093/infdis/jix451
6. Bhatti AB, Usman M, Kandi V. Current Scenario of HIV/AIDS, Treatment Options, and Major Challenges with Compliance to Antiretroviral Therapy. Cureus. 2016;8(3):e515. doi:10.7759/cureus.515
7. Ramana KV, Prakash GK. Mystery behind emergence and re-emergence of Chikungunya virus. Ann Trop Med Public Health. 2009;2(1):1-3.
8. Ramana KV. Dengue Viral Infection: Focus on Epidemiology, Laboratory Diagnosis, Management and Control Measures. J Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014;2(5):249-52. doi:10.12691/jaem-2-5-8
9. Bottone EJ. Bacillus cereus, a Volatile Human Pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23(2):382-98. doi:10.1128/CMR.00073-09
10. Aslam B, Wang W, Arshad MI, Khurshid M, Muzammil S, Rasool MH, et al. Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:1645-58. doi:10.2147/IDR.S173867
11. Kandi V. Tungiasis Presenting as Onychomycosis: Probably the First Report of Flea Infestation of the Nail Observed Using Modified Potassium Hydroxide Mount Technique. Cureus. 2018;10(3):e2278. doi:10.7759/cureus.2278
12. Kandi V, Vaish R, Palange P, Bhoomagiri MR. Chronic Pulmonary Histoplasmosis and its Clinical Significance: an Under-reported Systemic Fungal Disease. Cureus. 2016;8(8):e751. doi:10.7759/cureus.751
13. Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog Glob Health. 2015;109(7):309-18. doi:10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030
14. Vadakedath S, Kandi V, Mohapatra RK, Pinnelli VBK, Yegurla RR, Shahapur PR, et al. Immunological aspects and gender bias during respiratory viral infections including novel Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): A scoping review. J Med Virol. 2021;93(9):5295-309. doi:10.1002/jmv.27081
15. Singhal T. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr. 2020;87(4):281-6. doi:10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6
16. Pulendran B, Ahmed R. Immunological mechanisms of vaccination. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(6):509-17. doi:10.1038/ni.2039
17. Svastalog AL, Doney D, Kristoffersen NJ, Gajovic S. Concepts and definitions of health and health-related values in the knowledge landscapes of the digital society. Croat Med J. 2017;58(6):431-5. doi:10.3325/cmj.2017.58.431
18. Hochberg ME. An ecosystem framework for understanding and treating disease. Evol Med Public Health. 2018;2018(1):270-86. doi:10.1093/emph/eoy032
19. De Sordi L, Lourenço M, Debarbieux L. The Battle Within: Interactions of Bacteriophages and Bacteria in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Cell Host Microbe. 2019;25(2):210-8. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.018
20. Chun TW, Moir S, Fauci AS. HIV reservoirs as obstacles and opportunities for an HIV cure. Nat Immunol. 2015;16(6):584-9. doi:10.1038/ni.3152
21. Gray SJ. Timing of Gene Therapy Interventions: The Earlier, the Better. Mol Ther. 2016;24(6):1017-8. doi:10.1038/mt.2016.20
22. von Dadelszen P, Magee LA. Preventing deaths due to the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;36:83-102. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.05.005
23. Atkinson MA, von Herrath M, Powers AC, Clare-Salzler M. Current Concepts on the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes—Considerations for Attempts to Prevent and Reverse the Disease. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(6):979-88. doi:10.2337/dc15-0144
24. Rhoads DD, Sintchenko V, Rauch CA, Pantanowitz L. Clinical Microbiology Informatics. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(4):1025-47. doi:10.1128/CMR.00049-14
25. Samrot AV, Sean TC, Bhavya KS, Sahithya CS, Chan-Drasekaran S, Palanisamy R, et al. Diagnosis-A Review. Pathogens. 2021;10(2):145. doi:10.3390/pathogens10020145
26. Tanigawa K, Hayashi Y, Hama K, Yamashita A, Yokoyama K, Luo Y, et al. Mycobacterium leprae promotes triacylglycerol de novo synthesis through induction of GPAT3 expression in human premonocytic THP-1 cells. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0249184. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249184
27. Gaspari E, Malachowski A, Garcia-Morales L, Burgos R, Serrano L, dos Santos VAPM, et al. Model-driven design allows growth of Mycoplasma pneumoniae on serum-free media. NPJ Syst Biol Appl. 2020;6:33. doi:10.1038/s41540-020-00153-7
28. How KY, Song KP, Chan KG. Porphyromonas gingivalis: An Overview of Periodontopathic Pathogen below the Gum Line. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:53. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00053
29. Tseng A, Seet J, Phillips EJ. The evolution of three decades of antiretroviral therapy: challenges, triumphs and the promise of the future. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;79(2):182-94. doi:10.1111/bcp.12403
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Authors
1.
Kandi V, Suvvari TK, Vadakedath S, Godishala V. Microbes, Clinical trials, Drug Discovery, and Vaccine Development: The Current Perspectives. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2021Nov.30 [cited 2025Apr.12];4(4):311-23. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/2571
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