Comparative Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Evaluation of Selected Leaves of Medicinal Plants in Jaffna, Sri Lanka
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Submitted
3 January 2022
Published
31 May 2022
Keywords:
-
Leaves, Medicinal plants, Phytochemical screening, Quantitative analysis, Sri Lanka
Abstract
The traditional system of medicine in Sri Lanka has shown much better improvement, has fewer side effects, and is less expensive than modern synthetic drugs in the treatment of many diseases. The objective of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemical constituents of leaves of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng., Tinospora cordifolia (Wild) Hook.f., Enicostemma axillare (Lam) A. Raynal, and Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. were collected from Jaffna District. The shade-dried leaves were powdered and extracted with ethanol using the cold extraction technique. These ethanolic extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis using recommended laboratory techniques. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's multiple comparisons at probability value (p <0.05) were used in the statistical analysis of the data. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, phenols, and glycosides. Murraya koenigii shows the highest phenol and alkaloid contents (1960.71±66.88 and 19.42±0.26). Enicostemma axillare shows the highest flavonoid and tannin contents (22.27±0.86 and 1.26±0.017). Therefore, E. axillare and M. koenigii can be used as nutraceuticals in traditional medicine.
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References
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29. Salehi B, Ata A, Kumar NVA, Sharopov F, Ramírez-Alarcón K, Ruiz-Ortega A, et al. Antidiabetic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Their Active Components. Biomolecules. 2019;9(10):551. doi:10.3390/biom9100551
30. Ranđelović S, Bipat R. A Review of Coumarins and Coumarin-Related Compounds for Their Potential Antidiabetic Effect. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes. 2021;14:11795514211042023. doi:10.1177/11795514211042023
31. Omar N, Ismail CAN, Long I. Tannins in the Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathic Pain: Research Progress and Future Challenges. Front Pharmacol. 2022;12:805854. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.805854
32. Anand U, Jacobo-Herrera N, Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N. A Comprehensive Review on Medicinal Plants as Antimicrobial Therapeutics: Potential Avenues of Biocompatible Drug Discovery. Metabolites. 2019;9(11):258. doi:10.3390/metabo9110258
33. Kumar N, Goel N. Phenolic acids: Natural versatile molecules with promising therapeutic applications. Biotechnol Rep. 2019;24:e00370. doi:10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00370
34. Liang T, Yue W, Li Q. Comparison of the phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Apocynum venetum L. (Luo-Bu-Ma) and two of its alternative species. Int J Mol Sci. 2010;11(11):4452-64. doi:10.3390/ijms11114452
35. Górniak I, Bartoszewski R, Króliczewski J. Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids. Phytochem Rev. 2019;18:241–72. doi:10.1007/s11101-018-9591-z
36. Sieniawska E. Activities of Tannins – From In Vitro Studies to Clinical Trials. Nat Prod Commun. 2015;10(11):1877-84. doi:10.1177/1934578X1501001118
37. Gorlenko CL, Kiselev HY, Budanova EV, Zamyatnin Jr AA, Ikryannikova LN. Plant Secondary Metabolites in the Battle of Drugs and Drug-Resistant Bacteria: New Heroes or Worse Clones of Antibiotics? Antibiotics. 2020;9(4):170. doi:10.3390/antibiotics9040170
38. Vega-Ávila E, Cano-Velasco JL, Alarcón-Aguilar FJ, MDCF Ortíz, Almanza-Pérez JC, Román-Ramos R. Hypoglycemic Activity of Aqueous Extracts from Catharanthus roseus. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:934258. doi:10.1155/2012/934258
2. Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front Pharmacol. 2014;4:177. doi:10.3389/fphar.2013.00177
3. Weragoda PB. The traditional system on medicine in Sri Lanka. J Ethnopharmacol. 1980;2(1):71-3. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(80)90033-1
4. Gunawardana SLA, Jayasuriya WJABN. Medicinally Important Herbal Flowers in Sri Lanka. Evid Base Complement Alternat Med. 2019;2019:2321961. doi:10.1155/2019/2321961
5. Yuan H, Ma Q, Ye L, Piao G. The Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine from Natural Products. Molecules. 2016;21(5):559. doi:10.3390/molecules21050559
6. Shehadeh MB, Suaifan GARY, Abu-Odeh AM. Plants Secondary Metabolites as Blood Glucose-Lowering Molecules. Molecules. 2021;26(14):4333. doi:10.3390/molecules26144333
7. Niaz A, Adnan A, Bashir R, Mumtaz MW, Raza SA, Rashid U, et al. The In Vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibition Activity of Various Solvent Fractions of Tamarix dioica and 1 H-NMR Based Metabolite Identification and Molecular Docking Analysis. Plants. 2021;10(6):1128. doi:10.3390/plants10061128
8. Tran N, Pham B, Le L. Bioactive Compounds in Anti-Diabetic Plants: From Herbal Medicine to Modern Drug Discovery. Biology. 2020;9(9):252. doi:10.3390/biology9090252
9. Tungmunnithum D, Thongboonyou A, Pholboon A, Yangsabai A. Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Compounds from Medicinal Plants for Pharmaceutical and Medical Aspects: An Overview. Medicines. 2018;5(3):93. doi:10.3390/medicines5030093
10. Mittal J, Jain M, Gilhotra R, Singh RP. Curry leaf (Murraya Koenigii): a spice with medicinal property. MOJ Biol Med. 2017;2(3):236-56. doi:10.15406/mojbm.2017.02.00050
11. Dhama K, Sachan S, Khandia R, Munjal A, Iqbal HMN, Latheef SK, et al. Medicinal and Beneficial Health Applications of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi): A Miraculous Herb Countering Various Diseases/Disorders and its Immunomodulatory Effects. Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov. 2017;10(2):96-111. doi:10.2174/1872214811666170301105101
12. Sarnya R, Thirumalai T, Hemalatha M, Balaji R, David E. Pharmacognosy of Enicostemma littorale: a review. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013;3(1):79-84. doi:10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60028-3
13. Tiwari P, Mishra BN, Sangwan NS. Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Gymnema sylvestre: an important medicinal plant. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:830285. doi:10.1155/2014/830285
14. Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson DG, Lighfoot DA. Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants. 2017;6(4):42. doi:10.3390/plants6040042
15. Saxena PNN, Shrivastava, Saxena RC. Preliminary Physico-Phytochemical Study of stem bark of Alstonia scholaris (L) R. BR. A Medicinal Plant. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2012; 3(4):1071-5. doi:10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.3(4).1071-75
16. Kamal A. Phytochemical Screening of Syzygium Cumini Seeds. Indian J Plant Sci. 2014;3(4):1-4.
17. Jaleel AAH, Jinan FM, Mazhar F, Shaikh YH. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopic Analysis of Black Plum Seed (Syzygium Cumini) Extract in Hexane. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2019; 12(2):219-22. doi:10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i2.29396
18. Gupta PSP, Selvaraju S, Pal DT, Ravikiran G, Ravindran JP. Amelioration of reproductive problems in crossbred cattle with high blood urea nitrogen levels by ragi (finger millet) supplementation - A field study. Indian J Anim Sci. 2008;78(12):1397-9.
19. Farnsworth NR. Biological and Phytochemical screening of Plants. J Pharm Sci. 1996;55(3):225-76. doi:10.1002/jps.2600550302
20. Rahman G, Syed UJ, Syed F, Samiullah S, Nusrat J. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Quantitative Analysis of Alkaloids, and Antioxidant Activity of Crude Plant Extracts from Ephedra intermedia Indigenous to Balochistan, Sci World J. 2017;2017:5873648. doi:10.1155/2017/5873648
21. Singleton VL, Rossi JA. Colorimetry of Total Phenolic Compounds with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents. Am J Enol Vitic. 1965;16:144-58.
22. Badarinath AV, Rao KM, Chetty CMS, Ramkanth S, Rajan TVS, Gnanaprakash K. A Review on In-vitro Antioxidant Methods: Comparisons, Correlations and Considerations, Int J Pharmtech Res. 2010;2(2):1276-85.
23. Chandran CIK, Indira G. Quantitative estimation of total phenolic, flavonoids, tannin and chlorophyll content of leaves of Strobilanthes kunthiana (Neelakurinji). J Med Plants Stud. 2016;4(4):282-6.
24. Edeoga HO, Okwu DE, Mbaebie BO. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr J Biotechnol. 2005;4(7):685-8. doi:10.5897/AJB2005.000-3127
25. Olas B, Urbańska K, Bryś M. Saponins as Modulators of the Blood Coagulation System and Perspectives Regarding Their Use in the Prevention of Venous Thromboembolic Incidents. Molecules. 2020;25(21):5171. doi:10.3390/molecules25215171
26. Amalraj A, Gopi S. Medicinal properties of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.: A review. J Tradit Complement Med. 2016;7(1):65-78. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.02.003
27. Al-Ishaq RK, Abotaleb M, Kubatka P, Kajo K, Büsselberg D. Flavonoids and Their Anti-Diabetic Effects: Cellular Mechanisms and Effects to Improve Blood Sugar Levels. Biomolecules. 2019;9(9):430. doi:10.3390/biom9090430
28. Pan SY, Litscher G, Gao SH, Zhou SF, Yu ZL, Chen HQ, et al. Historical perspective of traditional indigenous medical practices: the current renaissance and conservation of herbal resources. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:525340. doi:10.1155/2014/525340
29. Salehi B, Ata A, Kumar NVA, Sharopov F, Ramírez-Alarcón K, Ruiz-Ortega A, et al. Antidiabetic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Their Active Components. Biomolecules. 2019;9(10):551. doi:10.3390/biom9100551
30. Ranđelović S, Bipat R. A Review of Coumarins and Coumarin-Related Compounds for Their Potential Antidiabetic Effect. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes. 2021;14:11795514211042023. doi:10.1177/11795514211042023
31. Omar N, Ismail CAN, Long I. Tannins in the Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathic Pain: Research Progress and Future Challenges. Front Pharmacol. 2022;12:805854. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.805854
32. Anand U, Jacobo-Herrera N, Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N. A Comprehensive Review on Medicinal Plants as Antimicrobial Therapeutics: Potential Avenues of Biocompatible Drug Discovery. Metabolites. 2019;9(11):258. doi:10.3390/metabo9110258
33. Kumar N, Goel N. Phenolic acids: Natural versatile molecules with promising therapeutic applications. Biotechnol Rep. 2019;24:e00370. doi:10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00370
34. Liang T, Yue W, Li Q. Comparison of the phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Apocynum venetum L. (Luo-Bu-Ma) and two of its alternative species. Int J Mol Sci. 2010;11(11):4452-64. doi:10.3390/ijms11114452
35. Górniak I, Bartoszewski R, Króliczewski J. Comprehensive review of antimicrobial activities of plant flavonoids. Phytochem Rev. 2019;18:241–72. doi:10.1007/s11101-018-9591-z
36. Sieniawska E. Activities of Tannins – From In Vitro Studies to Clinical Trials. Nat Prod Commun. 2015;10(11):1877-84. doi:10.1177/1934578X1501001118
37. Gorlenko CL, Kiselev HY, Budanova EV, Zamyatnin Jr AA, Ikryannikova LN. Plant Secondary Metabolites in the Battle of Drugs and Drug-Resistant Bacteria: New Heroes or Worse Clones of Antibiotics? Antibiotics. 2020;9(4):170. doi:10.3390/antibiotics9040170
38. Vega-Ávila E, Cano-Velasco JL, Alarcón-Aguilar FJ, MDCF Ortíz, Almanza-Pérez JC, Román-Ramos R. Hypoglycemic Activity of Aqueous Extracts from Catharanthus roseus. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:934258. doi:10.1155/2012/934258
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1.
Rajkumar G, Panambara PAHR, Sanmugarajah V. Comparative Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Evaluation of Selected Leaves of Medicinal Plants in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2022May31 [cited 2024Nov.21];5(2):93-103. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/3091
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