Free Radical Scavenging and Analgesic Activities of 70% Ethanol Extract of Luvunga sarmentosa (BI.) Kurz from Central Kalimantan
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Submitted
7 December 2021
Published
28 February 2022
Keywords:
-
Free radical scavenging, Analgesic, Luvunga sarmentosa, Medicine, Traditional Medicine
Abstract
Luvunga sarmentosa, commonly known as saluang belum, is widely used in Kalimantan to relieve pains, rheumatism, boost the immune system, and fever. The research on the free radical scavenging and analgesic effect of the L. sarmentosa stem extract has not been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the free radical scavenging and analgesic activity of the ethanol extract of L. sarmentosa. The L. sarmentosa stem was extracted using 70% ethanol and tested for free radical scavenging using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and analgesic activity, acetic acid-induced writhing test, and hot plate test in an animal model. The results showed that the 70% ethanol extract of the L. sarmentosa had an anti-free radical scavenging and analgesic activity. The extract has weak free radical scavenging with an IC50 value of 293.45 µg/mL. Analgesic activity using the writhing test indicated that the extract significantly reduced the writhes count after oral administration in a dose-dependent manner compared to the negative control. Extract at a dose of 550 mg/kg BW can reduce the writhing test by 67.60% compared to others. In contrast, the diclofenac sodium reduced the number of writhes by 74.74%. While in a hot plate, the extract at a dose of 550 mg/kg BW produced a maximum possible analgesia (MPA) of 17.64%, lower than the MPA of diclofenac sodium (51.01%). Analgesic activity of the extract has higher inhibition on the writhing test than on the hot plate. The extract could be responsible for the peripheral mechanism by inhibiting the prostaglandin biosynthesis.
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References
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26. Whiteside G, Adedoyin A, Leventhal L. Predictive validity of animal pain models? A comparison of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship for pain drugs in rats and humans. Neuropharmacology. 2008;54(5):767–75. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.01.001
27. Ness T, Gebhart G. Visceral pain: a review of experimental stuies. Pain. 1990;41(2):167–234. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(90)90021-5
28. Panche AN, Diwan AD, Chandra SR. Flavonoids: an overview. J Nutr Sci. 2016;5:e47. doi:10.1017/jns.2016.41
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30. Ferraz CR, Carvalho TT, Manchope MF, Artero NA, Rasquel-Oliveira FS, Fattori V, et al. Therapeutic Potential of Flavonoids in Pain and Inflammation: Mechanisms of Action, Pre-Clinical and Clinical Data, and Pharmaceutical Development. Molecules;25(3):762. doi:10.3390/molecules25030762
31. Tordera M, Ferrándiz ML, Alcaraz M. Influence of anti-inflammatory flavonoids on degranulation and arachidonic acid release in rat neutrophils. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 1994;49(3-4):235-40. doi:10.1515/znc-1994-3-412
2. Patil KR, Mahajan UB, Unger BS, Goyal SN, Belemkar S, Surana SJ, et al. Animal Models of Inflammation for Screening of Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Implications for the Discovery and Development of Phytopharmaceuticals. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(18):4367. doi:10.3390/ijms20184367
3. Biswas S, Das R, Banerjee ER. Role of free radicals in human inflammatory diseases. AIMS Biophys. 2017;4(4):596–614. doi:10.3934/biophy.2017.4.596
4. Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, Finnerup NB, Flor H, Gibson S, et al. The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain. 2020;161(9):1976-82. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939
5. Segerstrom SC, Miller GE. Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychol Bull. 2004;130(4):601-30. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601
6. Bhadelia A, De Lima L, Arreola-Ornelas H, Kwete XJ, Rodriguez NM, Knaul FM. Solving the Global Crisis in Access to Pain Relief: Lessons from Country Actions. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(1):58-60. doi:10.2105/ajph.2018.304769
7. Shi H, Chen X, Liu X, Zhu H, Yu F, Ung COL, et al. National drug utilization trend of analgesics in China: an analysis of procurement data at 793 public hospitals from 2013 to 2018. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2021;14(1):45. doi:10.1186/s40545-021-00325-8
8. Bindu S, Mazumder S, Bandyopadhyay U. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and organ damage: A current perspective. Biochem Pharmacol. 2020;180:114147. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114147
9. Uritu CM, Mihai CT, Stanciu GD, Dodi G, Alexa-Stratulat T, Luca A, et al. Medicinal Plants of the Family Lamiaceae in Pain Therapy: A Review. Pain Res Manag. 2018;2018:7801543. doi:10.1155/2018/7801543
10. Qamariah N, Handayani R, Novaryatiin S. Kajian Empiris dan Etnofarmakologi Tumbuhan Hutan Berkhasiat Obat asal Desa Tumbang Rungan Kelurahan Pahandut Kota Palangkaraya Kalimantan Tengah. Anterior J. 2018;18(1):98-106. doi:10.33084/anterior.v18i1.424
11. Lien TP, Kamperdick C, Schmidt J, Adam G, Sung TV. Apotirucallane triterpenoids from Luvunga sarmentosa (Rutaceae). Phytochemistry. 2002;60(7):747-54. doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00156-5
12. Herianto H, Kusuma Z, Nihayati E, Prayogo C. The Plant Wisdom of Dayak Ot Danum, Central Kalimantan. J Trop Life Sci. 2018;8(2):130–43. doi:10.11594/jtls.08.02.06
13. Wardah, Sundari S. Ethnobotany study of Dayak society medicinal plants utilization in Uut Murung District, Murung Raya Regency, Central Kalimantan. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2019;298:012005. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/298/1/012005
14. Ilmi H, Pamungkas IR, Tumewu L, Hafid AF, Widyawaruyanti A. Analgesic and Antipyretic Activities of Ethyl Acetate Fraction Tablet of Andrographis paniculata in Animal Models. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:8848797. doi:10.1155/2021/8848797
15. Han YM, Woo S-U, Choi MS, Park YN, Kim SH, Yim H, et al. Antiinflammatory and analgesic effects of Eurycoma longifolia extracts. Arch Pharm Res. 2016;39(3):421–8. doi:10.1007/s12272-016-0711-2
16. Hijazi MA, El-Mallah A, Aboul-Ela M, Ellakany A. Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Papaver libanoticum Extract in Mice: Involvement of Opioids Receptors. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:8935085. doi:10.1155/2017/8935085
17. Suthakaran C, Raja TAR, Kayalvizhi MK, Nithya K, Ramnarayana Reddy RV. Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of a combination of tramadol-pregabalin in animal models of pain and inflammation. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2017;6(6):1511-6. doi:10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20172251
18. Fan SH, Ali NA, Basri DF. Evaluation of analgesic activity of the methanol extract from the galls of Quercus infectoria (Olivier) in Rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:976764. doi:10.1155/2014/976764
19. Marjoni MR, Zulfisa A. Antioxidant Activity of Methanol Extract/Fractions of Senggani Leaves (Melastoma candidum D. Don). Pharm Anal Acta. 2017;8(8):1000557. doi:10.4172/2153-2435.1000557
20. Blois MS. Antioxidant determinations by the use of the stable free radical. Nature. 1958;181:1199-200. doi:10.1038/1811199a0
21. Qnais E, Bseiso Y, Wedyan M, Alkhateeb H. Evaluation of analgesic activity of the methanol extract from the leaves of Arum palaestinum in mice and rats. Biomed Pharmacol J. 2017;10(3):1159–66. doi:10.13005/bpj/1216
22. Koech SC, Ouko RO, Michael NM, Ireri MM, Ngugi MP, Njagi NM. Analgesic Activity of Dichloromethanolic Root Extract of Clutia abyssinica in Swiss Albino Mice. Nat Prod Chem Res. 2017;5(2):1000255. doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000255
23. Zihad SMNK, Bhowmick N, Uddin S, Sifat N, Rahman MS, Rouf R, et al. Analgesic Activity, Chemical Profiling and Computational Study on Chrysopogon aciculatus. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:1164. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.01164
24. Bhuiyan MMR, Bhuiya NMMA, Hasan MN, Nahar UJ. In vivo and in silico evaluation of antinociceptive activities of seed extract from the Holarrhena antidysenterica plant. Heliyon. 2020;6(5):e03962. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03962
25. Santenna C, Kumar S, Balakrishnan S, Jhaj R, Ahmed SN. A comparative experimental study of analgesic activity of a novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory molecule – zaltoprofen, and a standard drug – piroxicam, using murine models. J Exp Pharmacol. 2019;11:85–91. doi:10.2147/jep.s212988
26. Whiteside G, Adedoyin A, Leventhal L. Predictive validity of animal pain models? A comparison of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship for pain drugs in rats and humans. Neuropharmacology. 2008;54(5):767–75. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.01.001
27. Ness T, Gebhart G. Visceral pain: a review of experimental stuies. Pain. 1990;41(2):167–234. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(90)90021-5
28. Panche AN, Diwan AD, Chandra SR. Flavonoids: an overview. J Nutr Sci. 2016;5:e47. doi:10.1017/jns.2016.41
29. Tungmunnithum D, Thongboonyou A, Pholboon A, Yangsabai A. Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Compounds from Medicinal Plants for Pharmaceutical and Medical Aspects: An Overview. Medicines. 2018;5(3):93. doi:10.3390/medicines5030093
30. Ferraz CR, Carvalho TT, Manchope MF, Artero NA, Rasquel-Oliveira FS, Fattori V, et al. Therapeutic Potential of Flavonoids in Pain and Inflammation: Mechanisms of Action, Pre-Clinical and Clinical Data, and Pharmaceutical Development. Molecules;25(3):762. doi:10.3390/molecules25030762
31. Tordera M, Ferrándiz ML, Alcaraz M. Influence of anti-inflammatory flavonoids on degranulation and arachidonic acid release in rat neutrophils. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 1994;49(3-4):235-40. doi:10.1515/znc-1994-3-412
Authors
1.
Islamiati U, Nisa HK, Ilmi H, Tumewu L, Adianti M, Wahyuni TS, Widyawaruyanti A, Hafid AF. Free Radical Scavenging and Analgesic Activities of 70% Ethanol Extract of Luvunga sarmentosa (BI.) Kurz from Central Kalimantan. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2022Feb.28 [cited 2024Nov.20];5(1):63-70. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/2983
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