Nanoemulsion Mouthwash Formulation of Bajakah Tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) Skin Extract Against Candida albicans
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Submitted
4 August 2023
4 August 2023
Published
29 February 2024
29 February 2024
Abstract
Candida albicans can cause two infections in humans: superficial and systemic. The ability of C. albicans to infect the host is influenced by virulence factors and character changes so that it can fool the immune system. From the character change factor, C. albicans can form a biofilm. This study aims to determine the good concentration in inhibiting and determine the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of nanoemulsion mouthwash formulation of bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) skin extract against C. albicans. This research was conducted with an experimental method. The formulation used a spontaneous magnetic stirrer technique to make nanoemulsion preparations. Antifungal and antibiofilm tests were carried out by dilution method using a 96-well plate and a microplate reader with a wavelength of 620 nm to determine the percentage inhibition against C. albicans and determine MIC50 and MBIC50. The results showed that the nanoemulsion mouthwash formulation of S. littoralis inhibited the planktonic and biofilm of C. albicans. The concentration of 1% is expressed as MIC50 and MBIC50. Therefore, the nanoemulsion formulation of S. littoralis extract could inhibit the growth of C. albicans in the oral cavity.
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References
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2. Chen H, Zhou X, Ren B, Cheng L, The regulation of hyphae growth in Candida albicans. Virulence. 2020;11(1):337-48. DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1748930; PMCID: PMC7161696; PMID: 32274962
3. Talapko J, Juzbašić M, Matijević T, Pustijanac E, Bekić S, Kotris I, et al. Candida albicans- The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection. J Fungi. 2021;7(2):79. DOI: 10.3390/jof7020079; PMCID: PMC7912069; PMID: 33499276
4. Nurhayati B, Wibowo MS, Widyastuti Y, Erawijantari PP, Widowati W, Pratama MRF, et al. In silico Analysis of Plantaricin EF that Expressed by Plasmid-Associated Bacteriocin Production Gene of Lactobacillus plantarum IBL-2 for Anti-Candida Agent Potential. Res J Microbiol. 2015;10(12):582-91. DOI: 10.3923/jm.2015.582.591
5. Pratama MRF, Tjahjono DH, Kartawinata TG. The Antifungal Activity of Artesunate toward Candida albicans: Two Opposite Activities. Microbiol Indones. 2020;13(3):103-8. DOI: 10.5454/mi.13.3.5
6. Viana R, Dias O, Lagoa D, Galocha M, Rocha I, Teixeira MC. Genome-Scale Metabolic Model of the Human Pathogen Candida albicans: A Promising Platform for Drug Target Prediction. J Fungi. 2022;6(3):171. DOI: 10.3390/jof6030171
7. de Aguiar FLL, Santos NC, Cavalcante CSdP, Andreu D, Baptista GR, Gonçalves S. Antibiofilm activity on candida albicans and mechanism of action on biomembrane models of the antimicrobial peptide Ctn[15–34]. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(21):8339. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218339; PMCID: PMC7664368; PMID: 33172206
8. Gulati M, Nobile CJ. Candida albicans biofilms: development, regulation, and molecular mechanisms. Microbes Infect. 2016;18(5):310-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.01.002; PMCID: PMC4860025; PMID: 26806384
9. Haq N, Shahid M, Alaofi AL, Ahmad ZH, Alrayyes YF, Alsarra IA, et al. Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Nanoemulsion-Based Polyherbal Mouthwash. ACS Omega. 2023;8(44):41755-64. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06176; PMCID: PMC10634260; PMID: 37970055
10. Hwang YY, Ramalingam K, Bienek DR, Lee V, You T, Alvarez R. Antimicrobial activity of nanoemulsion in combination with cetylpyridinium chloride in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(8):3568-75. DOI:10.1128/aac.02109-12; PMCID: PMC3719747; PMID: 23669390
11. Mason TG, Wilking JN, Meleson K, Chang CB, Graves SM. Nanoemulsions: formation, structure, and physical properties. J Phys Condens Matter. 2007;19:079001. DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/19/7/079001
12. Noval, Nastiti K, Nugraha DF, Rahmadani, Alawiyah T. Produk Inovasi Hand Sanitizer dari Akar Bajakah sebagai Upaya Pencegahan di Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Logista J Ilmiah Pengabdian Masyarakat. 2020;4(2):305-12. DOI: 10.25077/logista.4.2.305-312.2020
13. Noval, Nugraha DF, Nastiti K, Syahrina D, Novia. Local Natural Product Development in the Era of Covid 19 Pandemic. Indones Berdaya. 2021;2(2):133–40. DOI: 10.47679/ib.2021125
14. Saputera MMA, Marpaung TWA, Ayuchecaria N. Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) Kadar Ekstrak Etanol Batang Bajakah Tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli Melalui Metode Sumuran. J Ilmiah Manuntung. 2019;5(2):167-73. DOI:10.51352/jim.v5i2.267
15. Ninkaew S, Chantaranothai P. The Genus Spatholobus Hassk. (Leguminosae Papilionoideae) in Thailand. Trop Nat Hist. 2014;14(2):87-99.
16. Saputera MMA, Ayuchecaria N. Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Etanolik Batang Bajakah (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) Terhadap Waktu Penyembuhan Luka. J Ilmiah Ibnu Sina. 2018;3(2):318-27. DOI: 10.36387/jiis.v3i2.185
17. Sianipar RNR, Suryanegara L, Fatriasari W, Arung ET, Kusuma IW, Achmadi SS, et al. The role of selected flavonoids from bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) stem on cosmetic properties: A review. Saudi Pharm J. 2023;31(3):382-400. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.01.006; PMCID: PMC10071331; PMID: 37026052
18. Kumar R, Anjum N, Tripathi YC. Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Santalum album L.: A Review. World J Pharm Res. 2015;4(10):1842-76.
19. Ariesanti Y, Wahyudina SP, Poedjiastoeti W, Angraini Y. Antioxidant activity of roots, stems, and leaves Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.: an experimental study. Padjadjaran J Dent. 2023;35(3):206-10. DOI: 10.24198/pjd.vol35no3.50423
20. Hadanu R, Irwansyah, Sartika GP, Wahyuningrum R. Compound Characterization and Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Ethanol Extract Spatholobus littoralis Hassk in Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. J Pharm Res Int. 2023;35(28):59-70. DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2023/v35i287450
21. Nastiti K, Nugraha DF. Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Kayu Bajakah (Spatholobus littoralis Hask). J Surya Medika. 2022;7(2):45-50. DOI: 10.33084/jsm.v7i2.3202
22. Rahmadhani YS, Krismonikawati RA, Octaviana RW. Formulasi Nanomouthwash Ekstrak Kulit Nanas (Ananas comosus L) Inovasi Pengobatan Karies Gigi. Indones J Med Sci. 2019;6(2):83-7.
23. Pratama E, Arief AE. Formulasi Sediaan Gargarisma dari Ekstrak Buah Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L) sebagai Anti Kandidiasis. J Farmaku Farm Muhammadiyah Kuningan. 2018;3(2):11–6.
24. Sonneville-Aubrun O, Simonnet J-T, L'Alloret F. Nanoemulsions: a new vehicle for skincare products. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2004;108-109:145-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2003.10.026; PMID: 15072937
25. Radzki D, Wilhelm-Węglarz M, Pruska K, Kusiak A, Ordyniec-Kwaśnica I. A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes-What Is Inside and What Is It For? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(7):3926. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073926; PMCID: PMC8997378; PMID: 35409608
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Authors
1.
Hamzah H, Gunawan DR, Pratiwi SUT, Bakhtiar MI, Pratama VY, Subhan M, Maulana R. Nanoemulsion Mouthwash Formulation of Bajakah Tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) Skin Extract Against Candida albicans . Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2024Feb.29 [cited 2025Mar.26];7(1):1-13. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/5548
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