Nanoemulsion Mouthwash Formulation of Bajakah Tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) Skin Extract Against Candida albicans
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v7i1.5548Keywords:
Nanoemulsion, Candida albicans, Bajakah tampala, Antifungal, AntibiofilmAbstract
Candida albicans can cause two infections in humans: superficial and systemic. The ability of C. albicans to infect the host is influenced by virulence factors and character changes so that it can fool the immune system. From the character change factor, C. albicans can form a biofilm. This study aims to determine the good concentration in inhibiting and determine the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of nanoemulsion mouthwash formulation of bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) skin extract against C. albicans. This research was conducted with an experimental method. The formulation used a spontaneous magnetic stirrer technique to make nanoemulsion preparations. Antifungal and antibiofilm tests were carried out by dilution method using a 96-well plate and a microplate reader with a wavelength of 620 nm to determine the percentage inhibition against C. albicans and determine MIC50 and MBIC50. The results showed that the nanoemulsion mouthwash formulation of S. littoralis inhibited the planktonic and biofilm of C. albicans. The concentration of 1% is expressed as MIC50 and MBIC50. Therefore, the nanoemulsion formulation of S. littoralis extract could inhibit the growth of C. albicans in the oral cavity.
Downloads
References
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Kesehatan Gigi Nasional September 2019. Jakarta: InfoDatin Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2019. p. 1–6.
Chen H, Zhou X, Ren B, Cheng L, The regulation of hyphae growth in Candida albicans. Virulence. 2020;11(1):337-48. DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1748930; PMCID: PMC7161696; PMID: 32274962
Talapko J, Juzbašić M, Matijević T, Pustijanac E, Bekić S, Kotris I, et al. Candida albicans- The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection. J Fungi. 2021;7(2):79. DOI: 10.3390/jof7020079; PMCID: PMC7912069; PMID: 33499276
Nurhayati B, Wibowo MS, Widyastuti Y, Erawijantari PP, Widowati W, Pratama MRF, et al. In silico Analysis of Plantaricin EF that Expressed by Plasmid-Associated Bacteriocin Production Gene of Lactobacillus plantarum IBL-2 for Anti-Candida Agent Potential. Res J Microbiol. 2015;10(12):582-91. DOI: 10.3923/jm.2015.582.591
Pratama MRF, Tjahjono DH, Kartawinata TG. The Antifungal Activity of Artesunate toward Candida albicans: Two Opposite Activities. Microbiol Indones. 2020;13(3):103-8. DOI: 10.5454/mi.13.3.5
Viana R, Dias O, Lagoa D, Galocha M, Rocha I, Teixeira MC. Genome-Scale Metabolic Model of the Human Pathogen Candida albicans: A Promising Platform for Drug Target Prediction. J Fungi. 2022;6(3):171. DOI: 10.3390/jof6030171
de Aguiar FLL, Santos NC, Cavalcante CSdP, Andreu D, Baptista GR, Gonçalves S. Antibiofilm activity on candida albicans and mechanism of action on biomembrane models of the antimicrobial peptide Ctn[15–34]. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(21):8339. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218339; PMCID: PMC7664368; PMID: 33172206
Gulati M, Nobile CJ. Candida albicans biofilms: development, regulation, and molecular mechanisms. Microbes Infect. 2016;18(5):310-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.01.002; PMCID: PMC4860025; PMID: 26806384
Haq N, Shahid M, Alaofi AL, Ahmad ZH, Alrayyes YF, Alsarra IA, et al. Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Nanoemulsion-Based Polyherbal Mouthwash. ACS Omega. 2023;8(44):41755-64. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06176; PMCID: PMC10634260; PMID: 37970055
Hwang YY, Ramalingam K, Bienek DR, Lee V, You T, Alvarez R. Antimicrobial activity of nanoemulsion in combination with cetylpyridinium chloride in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(8):3568-75. DOI:10.1128/aac.02109-12; PMCID: PMC3719747; PMID: 23669390
Mason TG, Wilking JN, Meleson K, Chang CB, Graves SM. Nanoemulsions: formation, structure, and physical properties. J Phys Condens Matter. 2007;19:079001. DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/19/7/079001
Noval, Nastiti K, Nugraha DF, Rahmadani, Alawiyah T. Produk Inovasi Hand Sanitizer dari Akar Bajakah sebagai Upaya Pencegahan di Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Logista J Ilmiah Pengabdian Masyarakat. 2020;4(2):305-12. DOI: 10.25077/logista.4.2.305-312.2020
Noval, Nugraha DF, Nastiti K, Syahrina D, Novia. Local Natural Product Development in the Era of Covid 19 Pandemic. Indones Berdaya. 2021;2(2):133–40. DOI: 10.47679/ib.2021125
Saputera MMA, Marpaung TWA, Ayuchecaria N. Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) Kadar Ekstrak Etanol Batang Bajakah Tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli Melalui Metode Sumuran. J Ilmiah Manuntung. 2019;5(2):167-73. DOI:10.51352/jim.v5i2.267
Ninkaew S, Chantaranothai P. The Genus Spatholobus Hassk. (Leguminosae Papilionoideae) in Thailand. Trop Nat Hist. 2014;14(2):87-99.
Saputera MMA, Ayuchecaria N. Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Etanolik Batang Bajakah (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) Terhadap Waktu Penyembuhan Luka. J Ilmiah Ibnu Sina. 2018;3(2):318-27. DOI: 10.36387/jiis.v3i2.185
Sianipar RNR, Suryanegara L, Fatriasari W, Arung ET, Kusuma IW, Achmadi SS, et al. The role of selected flavonoids from bajakah tampala (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) stem on cosmetic properties: A review. Saudi Pharm J. 2023;31(3):382-400. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.01.006; PMCID: PMC10071331; PMID: 37026052
Kumar R, Anjum N, Tripathi YC. Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Santalum album L.: A Review. World J Pharm Res. 2015;4(10):1842-76.
Ariesanti Y, Wahyudina SP, Poedjiastoeti W, Angraini Y. Antioxidant activity of roots, stems, and leaves Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.: an experimental study. Padjadjaran J Dent. 2023;35(3):206-10. DOI: 10.24198/pjd.vol35no3.50423
Hadanu R, Irwansyah, Sartika GP, Wahyuningrum R. Compound Characterization and Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Ethanol Extract Spatholobus littoralis Hassk in Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. J Pharm Res Int. 2023;35(28):59-70. DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2023/v35i287450
Nastiti K, Nugraha DF. Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Kayu Bajakah (Spatholobus littoralis Hask). J Surya Medika. 2022;7(2):45-50. DOI: 10.33084/jsm.v7i2.3202
Rahmadhani YS, Krismonikawati RA, Octaviana RW. Formulasi Nanomouthwash Ekstrak Kulit Nanas (Ananas comosus L) Inovasi Pengobatan Karies Gigi. Indones J Med Sci. 2019;6(2):83-7.
Pratama E, Arief AE. Formulasi Sediaan Gargarisma dari Ekstrak Buah Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L) sebagai Anti Kandidiasis. J Farmaku Farm Muhammadiyah Kuningan. 2018;3(2):11–6.
Sonneville-Aubrun O, Simonnet J-T, L'Alloret F. Nanoemulsions: a new vehicle for skincare products. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 2004;108-109:145-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2003.10.026; PMID: 15072937
Radzki D, Wilhelm-Węglarz M, Pruska K, Kusiak A, Ordyniec-Kwaśnica I. A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes-What Is Inside and What Is It For? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(7):3926. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073926; PMCID: PMC8997378; PMID: 35409608
Sharma R, Hebbal M, Ankola AV, Murugaboopathy V, Shetty SJ. Effect of two herbal mouthwashes on gingival health of school children. J Tradit Complement Med. 2014;4(4):272-8. DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.131373; PMCID: PMC4220507; PMID: 25379471
Bainun IN, Alias NH, Syed-Hassan SSA. Nanoemulsion: Formation, Characterization, Properties and Applications - A Review. Adv Mater Res. 2015;1113:147-52. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1113.147
Jusril NA, Bakar SIA, Khalil KA, Saad WMM, Wen NK, Adenah MI. Development and Optimization of Nanoemulsion from Ethanolic Extract of Centella asiatica (NanoSECA) Using D-Optimal Mixture Design to Improve Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022;2022:348511. DOI: 10.1155/2022/3483511; PMCID: PMC8920630; PMID: 35295926
Hamzah H, Hertiani T, Pratiwi SUT, Nuryastuti T. The Inhibition Activity of Tannin on the Formation of Mono-Species and Polymicrobial Biofilm Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Trad Med J. 2019;24(2):110-8. DOI: 10.22146/mot.44532
Ee SL, Duan X, Liew J, Nguyen QD. Droplet size and stability of nano-emulsions produced by the temperature phase inversion method. Chem Eng J. 2008;140(1-3):626-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2007.12.016
Hoo DY, Low ZL, Low DYS, Tang SY, Manickam S, Tan KW, et al. Ultrasonic cavitation: An effective cleaner and greener intensification technology in the extraction and surface modification of nanocellulose. Ultrason Sonochem. 2022;90:106176. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106176; PMCID: PMC9519792; PMID: 36174272
Voelker AL, Taylor LS, Mauer LJ. Effect of pH and concentration on the chemical stability and reaction kinetics of thiamine mononitrate and thiamine chloride hydrochloride in solution. BMC Chem. 2021;15(1):47. DOI: 10.1186/s13065-021-00773-y; PMCID: PMC8362232; PMID: 34384471
Numberi AM, Dewipratiwi R, Gunawan E. Uji Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Masker Gel dari Ekstrak Alga Merah (Poryphyra sp). Majalah Farmasetika. 2020;5(1)1-17. DOI: 10.24198/mfarmasetika.v5i1.24066
Ladero V, Ramos A, Wiersma A, Goffin P, Schanck A, Kleerebezem M, et al. High-level production of the low-calorie sugar sorbitol by Lactobacillus plantarum through metabolic engineering. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73(6):1864-72. DOI: 10.1128/aem.02304-06; PMCID: PMC1828817; PMID: 17261519
Moreira J, Mera E, Chhetri VS, King JM, Gentimis T, Adhikari A, et al. Effect of storage temperature and produce type on the survival or growth of Listeria monocytogenes on peeled rinds and fresh-cut produce. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1151819. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1151819; PMCID: PMC10313384; PMID: 37396364
Stefani R, Vanessa GE, Fibryanto E. Evaluation of pH and Viscosity of Juice of Zingiber officinale var. officinale Mouthwash Formulation. Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indones. 2023;9(2):163-70. DOI: 10.22146/majkedgiind.82071
Soundararajan V, Kandasamy V, Subramani P. Antibiofilm, antioxidant and larvicidal activity of formulated nanoemulsion from Ocimum tenuiflorum. Mate Today Proc. 2021;45(2):3438-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.932
Sun W, Gao J, Fan R, Zhang T, Tian Y, Wang Z, et al. The Effect of Particle Size on the Absorption of Cyclosporin A Nanosuspensions. Int J Nanomedicine. 2022;17:1741-55. DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s357541; PMCID: PMC9034871; PMID: 35469173
Kumar R, Soni GC, Prajapati SK. Formulation development and evaluation of Telmisartan Nanoemulsion. Int J Res Dev Pharm Life Sci. 2017;4(10):1842-76. DOI: 10.21276/IJRDPL.2278-0238.2017.6(4).2711-2719
Nirmalayanti NPLKV. Skrining Berbagai Jenis Surfaktan Dan Kosurfaktan Sebagai Dasar Pemilihan Formulasi Nanoemulsi. Metta J Ilmu Multidisiplin. 2021;1(3)158-66. DOI: 10.37329/metta.v1i3.1552
Delmifiana B, Astuti. Pengaruh Sonikasi terhadap Struktur dan Morfologi Nanopartikel Magnetik yang Disintesis dengan Metode Kopresipitasi. J Fisika Unand. 2013;2(3):186-9. DOI: 10.25077/jfu.2.3.%25p.2013
Belgheisi S, Motamedzadegan A, Milani JM, Rashidi L, Rafe A. Impact of ultrasound processing parameters on physical characteristics of lycopene emulsion. J Food Sci Technol. 2021;58(2):484-93. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04557-5; PMCID: PMC7847880; PMID: 33568842
Prihantini M, Zulfa E, Prastiwi LD, Yulianti ID. Pengaruh Waktu Ultrasonikasi terhadap Karakteristik Fisika Nanopartikel Kitosan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Suji (Pleomele angustifolia) dan Uji Stabilitas Fisika Menggunakan Metode Cycling Test. J Ilmu Farmasi Farmasi Klinik. 2019;16(2):125-33. DOI: 10.31942/jiffk.v16i02.3237
Danaei M, Dehgankhold M, Ataei S, Davarani FH, Javanmard R, Dokhani A, et al. Impact of Particle Size and Polydispersity Index on the Clinical Applications of Lipidic Nanocarrier Systems. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10(2):57. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10020057; PMCID: PMC6027495; PMID: 29783687
Muneer R, Hashmet MR, Pourafshary P, Shakeel M. Unlocking the Power of Artificial Intelligence: Accurate Zeta Potential Prediction Using Machine Learning. Nanomaterials. 2023;13(7):1209. DOI: 10.3390/nano13071209; PMCID: PMC10096557; PMID: 37049303
Nugroho BH, Wardhani MT, Suparmi S. Perbandingan Teknik Aerasi dan Ultrasonikasi Gelasi Ionik Nanopartikel Deksametason Natrium Fosfat. J Kefarmasian Indones. 2020;10(2):102-9. DOI: 10.22435/jki.v10i2.2150
Dinshaw IJ, Ahmad N, Salim N, Leo BF. Nanoemulsions: A Review on the Conceptualization of Treatment for Psoriasis Using a 'Green' Surfactant with Low-Energy Emulsification Method. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(7):1024. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071024; PMCID: PMC8309190; PMID: 34371716
Huda N, Wahyuningsih I. Karakterisasi Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Minyak Buah Merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam.). J Farmasi Imu Kefarmasian Indones. 2018;3(2):49-57. DOI: 10.20473/jfiki.v3i22016.49-57
Bide Y, Fashapoyeh MA, Shokrollahzadeh S. Structural investigation and application of Tween 80-choline chloride self-assemblies as osmotic agent for water desalination. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):17068. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96199-6; PMCID: PMC8382744; PMID: 34426591
Maghfirah F, Saputri D, Basri. Aktivitas Pembentukan Biofilm Streptococcus Mutans dan Candida Albicans Setelah Dipapar Dengan Cigarette Smoke Condensate dan Minuman Probiotik. J Caninus Dent. 2017;2(1):12-9.
Burhannuddin, Karta IW, Trenanda B, Putra IGND, Darmada IPA, Pradnyadhita IIDA, et al. Daya Hambat Virgin Coconut Oil terhadap Pertumbuhan Jamur Candida Albicans yang Diisolasi dari Sampel Swab Vagina. JST J Sains Teknol. 2017;6(2):209-19. DOI: 10.23887/jst-undiksha.v6i2.10535
Mroz Z, Jongbloed AW, Partanen KH, Vreman K, Kemme PA, Kogut J. The effects of calcium benzoate in diets with or without organic acids on dietary buffering capacity, apparent digestibility, retention of nutrients, and manure characteristics in swine. J Anim Sci. 2000;78(10):2622-32. DOI: 10.2527/2000.78102622x; PMID: 11048928
Huang W, Wang Y, Tian W, Cui X, Tu P, Li J, et al. Biosynthesis Investigations of Terpenoid, Alkaloid, and Flavonoid Antimicrobial Agents Derived from Medicinal Plants. Antibiotics. 2022;11(10):1380. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101380; PMCID: PMC9598646; PMID: 36290037
Böttger S, Hofmann K, Melzig MF. Saponins can perturb biologic membranes and reduce the surface tension of aqueous solutions: a correlation? Bioorg Med Chem. 2012;20(9):2822-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.032; PMID: 22503361
Shih PY, Liao YT, Tseng YK, Deng FS, Lin CH. A Potential Antifungal Effect of Chitosan Against Candida albicans Is Mediated via the Inhibition of SAGA Complex Component Expression and the Subsequent Alteration of Cell Surface Integrity. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:602. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00602; PMCID: PMC6443709; PMID: 30972050
Zhou X, Zeng M, Huang F, Qin G, Song Z, Liu F. The potential role of plant secondary metabolites on antifungal and immunomodulatory effect. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023;107(14):4471-92. DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12601-5; PMCID: PMC10240486; PMID: 37272939
Yan Y, Li X, Zhang C, Lv L, Gao B, Li M. Research Progress on Antibacterial Activities and Mechanisms of Natural Alkaloids: A Review. Antibiotics. 2021;10(3):318. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030318; PMCID: PMC8003525; PMID: 33808601
Garcia LGS, da Rocha MG, Freire RS, Nunes PIG, Nunes JVS, Fernandes MR, et al. Chitosan microparticles loaded with essential oils inhibit duo-biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. J Appl Oral Sci. 2023;31:e20230146. DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0146; PMCID: PMC10519671; PMID: 37729259
Matilla-Cuenca L, Gil C, Cuesta S, Rapún-Araiz B, Žiemytė M, Mira A, et al. Antibiofilm activity of flavonoids on staphylococcal biofilms through targeting BAP amyloids. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):18968. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75929-2; PMCID: PMC7641273; PMID: 33144670
Liu M, Wu X, Li J, Liu L, Zhang R, Shao D, et al. The specific anti-biofilm effect of gallic acid on Staphylococcus aureus by regulating the expression of the ica operon. Food Control. 2017;73(B):613-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.09.015
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Hasyrul Hamzah, Dede Reza Gunawan, Sylvia Utami Tunjung Pratiwi, Muh. Irham Bakhtiar, Virgiawan Yoga Pratama, Muhammad Subhan, Riza Maulana
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors continue to retain the copyright to the article if the article is published in the Borneo Journal of Pharmacy. They will also retain the publishing rights to the article without any restrictions.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Any article on the copyright is retained by the author(s).
- The author grants the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share work with an acknowledgment of the work authors and initial publications in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of published articles (e.g., post-institutional repository) or publish them in a book, with acknowledgment of their initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their websites) prior to and during the submission process. This can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and greater citations of published work.
- The article and any associated published material are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.