Stability of Hand Body Gel Formulated with Avocado (Persea americana), Stingless Bee Honey, and Bee Pollen
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Submitted
31 March 2024
31 March 2024
Published
30 May 2025
30 May 2025
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Abstract
The development of hand body care products in gel form, incorporating natural ingredients, remains an underexplored area, particularly concerning the combination of avocado (Persea americana) extract, Stingless bee (Trigona sp.) honey, and pollen in cosmetic formulations. Gel formulations are favored for their superior skin moisturizing properties and enhanced dermal absorption compared to lotions. This study aimed to evaluate the stability and moisturizing efficacy of novel hand body gel formulations containing varying ratios of P. americana extract combined with Trigona bee pollen and honey. Employing an experimental quantitative design, three distinct gel formulations were prepared with different concentrations of P. americana extract with Trigona bee pollen and honey. The stability of these formulations as skin moisturizers was assessed through a comprehensive evaluation encompassing organoleptic properties, homogeneity, potential for irritation, pH, spreadability, viscosity, and moisture content analysis using skin analysis instrumentation. The results indicated that the gel formulation designated F1, containing 2.5% P. americana extract and 7.5% honey combined with bee pollen, exhibited the highest skin moisture content, suggesting its potential as an effective moisturizing hand body gel.
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14. Neves BB, Pinto S, Pais AR, Batista J, Pinho M, Goracci L, et al. Avocado By-products: recycling low-cost lipids towards high-end applications. LWT. 2025;216:117376. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2025.117376
15. Dewi B, Wirahmi N. Formulasi Lotion Ekstrak Wortel (Daucus Carota L) Metode Maserasi. J Ilmiah Pharm. 2019;6(1):128–39. DOI: 10.52161/jiphar.v6i1.15
16. Gunawan I. Perbandingan pH Dan Daya Sebar Krim Ekstrak Kulit Nanas (Ananas comosus (L). Merr). J Analis Kesehatan. 2018;7(1):680–4. DOI: 10.26630/jak.v7i1.918
17. Hasanah U, Yusriadi Y, Khumaidi A. Formulasi Gel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam) Sebagai Antioksidan. Nat Sci J Sci Technol. 2017;6(1):46-57. DOI: 10.22487/25411969.2017.v6.i1.8079
18. Pertiwi RD, Kristanto J, Praptiwi GA. Uji aktivitas antibakteri formulasi gel untuk sariawan dari ekstrak daun saga (Abrus precatorius Linn.) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. J Ilmiah Manuntung. 2016;2(2):239-47. DOI: 10.51352/jim.v2i2.72
19. Pratiwi A, Parmadi A, Hastuti S. Pengaruh Formulasi Basis Terhadap Uji Fisik Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum). Indones J Med Sci. 2022;9(1):49-58. DOI: 10.55181/ijms.v9i1.355
20. Sari BP, Kustiawan PM. Antioxidant Activity of Extract Combination from Averrhoa bilimbi L. Leaves and Stingless Bee Honey. Indones J Pharm Sci Technol. 2023;Suppl 5(1):28-34. DOI: 10.24198/ijpst.v0i0.45987
21. Liska DA, Mah E, Brisbois T, Barrios PL, Baker LB, Spriet LL. Narrative Review of Hydration and Selected Health Outcomes in the General Population. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):70. DOI: 10.3390/nu11010070; PMCID: PMC6356561; PMID: 30609670
22. Esa NEF, Ansari MNM, Razak SIA, Ismail NI, Jusoh N, Zawawi NA, et al. A Review on Recent Progress of Stingless Bee Honey and Its Hydrogel-Based Compound for Wound Care Management. Molecules. 2022;27(10):3080. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103080; PMCID: PMC9145090; PMID: 35630557
23. Clapham D, Belissa E, Inghelbrecht S, Pensé-Lhéritier AM, Ruiz F, Sheehan L, et al. A Guide to Best Practice in Sensory Analysis of Pharmaceutical Formulations. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(9):2319. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092319; PMCID: PMC10535428; PMID: 37765288
24. Kwak MS, Ahn HJ, Song KW. Rheological investigation of body cream and body lotion in actual application conditions. Korea-Aust Rheol J. 2015;27:241–51. DOI: 10.1007/s13367-015-0024-x
25. Donthi MR, Munnangi SR, Krishna KV, Saha RN, Singhvi G, Dubey SK. Nanoemulgel: A Novel Nano Carrier as a Tool for Topical Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(1):164. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010164; PMCID: PMC9863395; PMID: 36678794
26. Zhao L, Chen J, Bai B, Song G, Zhang J, Yu H, et al. Topical drug delivery strategies for enhancing drug effectiveness by skin barriers, drug delivery systems and individualized dosing. Front Pharmacol. 2024:14:1333986. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1333986; PMCID: PMC10825035; PMID: 38293666
27. Kryscio DR, Sathe PM, Lionberger R, Yu L, Bell MA, Jay M, et al. Spreadability measurements to assess structural equivalence (Q3) of topical formulations--a technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2008;9(1):84-6. DOI: 10.1208/s12249-007-9009-5; PMCID: PMC2976873; PMID: 18446465
28. Mawazi SM, Ann J, Othman N, Khan J, Alolayan SO, Al Thagfan SS, et al. A Review of Moisturizers; History, Preparation, Characterization and Applications. Cosmetics. 2022;9(3):61. DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9030061
29. Nisbet SJ, Targett D, Rawlings AV, Qian K, Wang X, Lin CB, et al. Clinical and in vitro evaluation of new anti-redness cosmetic products in subjects with winter xerosis and sensitive skin. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2019;41(6):534-47. DOI: 10.1111/ics.12559; PMCID: PMC6899962; PMID: 31309600
30. Bernatchez SF, Bichel J. The Science of Skin: Measuring Damage and Assessing Risk. Adv Wound Care. 2023;12(4):187-204. DOI: 10.1089/wound.2022.0021; PMCID: PMC9885549; PMID: 35904378
31. Januszewski J, Forma A, Zembala J, Flieger M, Tyczyńska M, Dring JC, et al. Nutritional Supplements for Skin Health-A Review of What Should Be Chosen and Why. Medicina. 2023;60(1):68. DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010068; PMCID: PMC10820017; PMID: 38256329
32. Ambarwati R, Wulandari A, Herlina E. Mutu Fisik dan Daya Terima Body Scrub dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Sari Buah Nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr). J Medika Farmaka. 2023;1(2):106-12. DOI: 10.33482/jmedfarm.v1i2.12
33. Nasri N, Kaban VE, Syahputra HD, Satria D. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Alpukat (Persea americana Mill) Terhadap Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Herb Med J. 2022;5(1):13-9. DOI: 10.58996/hmj.v5i1.37
34. Bylla S, Salman, Sari N, Sihotang SH, Indriana M. Polyherbal lotion preparation formulation of avocado oil (Persea americana) and celery extract (Apium graveolens L) as a skin moisturizer. J Pharm Sci. 2023;6(5):375-84. DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v6i5-si.249
35. Barnes TM, Mijaljica D, Townley JP, Spada F, Harrison IP. Vehicles for Drug Delivery and Cosmetic Moisturizers: Review and Comparison. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(12):2012. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122012; PMCID: PMC8703425; PMID: 34959294
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2. Fore J. A review of skin and the effects of aging on skin structure and function. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2006;52(9):24-35. PMID: 16980727
3. Dos Santos NCL, Malta SM, Franco RR, Silva HCG, Silva MH, Rodrigues TS, et al. Antioxidant and anti-Alzheimer’s potential of Tetragonisca angustula (Jataí) stingless bee pollen. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):308. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51091-3; PMCID: PMC10764861; PMID: 38172290
4. Nisa K, Kustiawan PM. Effectiveness of Honey Bees Propolis Extract in The Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. J Farmasi Galenika Galenika J Pharmacy. 2023;9(2):247-56. DOI: 10.22487/j24428744.2023.v9.i2.16297
5. Demiati R, Avimaro RA, Kustiawan PM. Antioxidant Activity of Homotrigona fimbriata Propolis Extract. Med Sains J Ilmiah Kefarmasian. 2024;9(1):41-8. DOI: 10.37874/ms.v9i1.916
6. Yanti E., Kustiawan PM. Study of Indonesian Stingless Bee Propolis Potential as Antioxidant: A Review. J Farmasi Sains Praktis. 2023;9(3):261-9. DOI: 10.31603/pharmacy.v9i3.7105
7. Kustiawan PM, Okuyoshi H, Kuse Y, Izawa H, Saito Y, Tsuruma K, et al. Protective Effects of Indonesian Propolis Against Light-Induced Retinal Damage. Int J Toxicol Pharmacol Res. 2017;9(2):163-70. DOI: 10.25258/ijtpr.v9i02.9054
8. Kustiawan PM, Aziz A, Yuliawan VN. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Various Fractions of Heterotrigona itama Propolis Found in Kutai Kartanegara. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2022;10(A):531-4. DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.7766
9. Bahru TB, Tadele ZH, Ajebe EG. A review on avocado seed: Functionality, composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Chem Sci Int J. 2019;27(2):1-10. DOI: 10.9734/CSJI/2019/v27i230112
10. Salazar-López NJ, Domínguez-Avila JA, Yahia EM, Belmonte-Herrera BH, Wall-Medrano A, Montalvo-González E, et al. Avocado fruit and by-products as potential sources of bioactive compounds. Food Res Int. 2020;138 (Pt A):109774. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109774; PMID: 33292952
11. Iskandar B, Santa Eni BR, Leny L. Formulasi dan evaluasi lotion ekstrak alpukat (persea americana) Sebagai pelembab kulit. J Islam Pharm. 2021;6(1):14-21. DOI: 10.18860/jip.v6i1.11822
12. Kustiawan PM, Syaifie PH, Siregar KAAK, Ibadillah D, Mardliyati E. New insights of propolis nanoformulation and its therapeutic potential in human diseases. ADMET DMPK. 2024;12(1):1-26. DOI: 10.5599/admet.2128; PMCID: PMC10974817; PMID: 38560717
13. Benvenutti L, Moura FM, Zanghelini G, Barrera C, Seguí L, Zielinski AAF. An Upcycling Approach from Fruit Processing By-Products: Flour for Use in Food Products. Foods. 2025;14(2):153. DOI: 10.3390/foods14020153; PMCID: PMC11765213; PMID: 39856819
14. Neves BB, Pinto S, Pais AR, Batista J, Pinho M, Goracci L, et al. Avocado By-products: recycling low-cost lipids towards high-end applications. LWT. 2025;216:117376. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2025.117376
15. Dewi B, Wirahmi N. Formulasi Lotion Ekstrak Wortel (Daucus Carota L) Metode Maserasi. J Ilmiah Pharm. 2019;6(1):128–39. DOI: 10.52161/jiphar.v6i1.15
16. Gunawan I. Perbandingan pH Dan Daya Sebar Krim Ekstrak Kulit Nanas (Ananas comosus (L). Merr). J Analis Kesehatan. 2018;7(1):680–4. DOI: 10.26630/jak.v7i1.918
17. Hasanah U, Yusriadi Y, Khumaidi A. Formulasi Gel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam) Sebagai Antioksidan. Nat Sci J Sci Technol. 2017;6(1):46-57. DOI: 10.22487/25411969.2017.v6.i1.8079
18. Pertiwi RD, Kristanto J, Praptiwi GA. Uji aktivitas antibakteri formulasi gel untuk sariawan dari ekstrak daun saga (Abrus precatorius Linn.) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. J Ilmiah Manuntung. 2016;2(2):239-47. DOI: 10.51352/jim.v2i2.72
19. Pratiwi A, Parmadi A, Hastuti S. Pengaruh Formulasi Basis Terhadap Uji Fisik Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum). Indones J Med Sci. 2022;9(1):49-58. DOI: 10.55181/ijms.v9i1.355
20. Sari BP, Kustiawan PM. Antioxidant Activity of Extract Combination from Averrhoa bilimbi L. Leaves and Stingless Bee Honey. Indones J Pharm Sci Technol. 2023;Suppl 5(1):28-34. DOI: 10.24198/ijpst.v0i0.45987
21. Liska DA, Mah E, Brisbois T, Barrios PL, Baker LB, Spriet LL. Narrative Review of Hydration and Selected Health Outcomes in the General Population. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):70. DOI: 10.3390/nu11010070; PMCID: PMC6356561; PMID: 30609670
22. Esa NEF, Ansari MNM, Razak SIA, Ismail NI, Jusoh N, Zawawi NA, et al. A Review on Recent Progress of Stingless Bee Honey and Its Hydrogel-Based Compound for Wound Care Management. Molecules. 2022;27(10):3080. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103080; PMCID: PMC9145090; PMID: 35630557
23. Clapham D, Belissa E, Inghelbrecht S, Pensé-Lhéritier AM, Ruiz F, Sheehan L, et al. A Guide to Best Practice in Sensory Analysis of Pharmaceutical Formulations. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(9):2319. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092319; PMCID: PMC10535428; PMID: 37765288
24. Kwak MS, Ahn HJ, Song KW. Rheological investigation of body cream and body lotion in actual application conditions. Korea-Aust Rheol J. 2015;27:241–51. DOI: 10.1007/s13367-015-0024-x
25. Donthi MR, Munnangi SR, Krishna KV, Saha RN, Singhvi G, Dubey SK. Nanoemulgel: A Novel Nano Carrier as a Tool for Topical Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(1):164. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010164; PMCID: PMC9863395; PMID: 36678794
26. Zhao L, Chen J, Bai B, Song G, Zhang J, Yu H, et al. Topical drug delivery strategies for enhancing drug effectiveness by skin barriers, drug delivery systems and individualized dosing. Front Pharmacol. 2024:14:1333986. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1333986; PMCID: PMC10825035; PMID: 38293666
27. Kryscio DR, Sathe PM, Lionberger R, Yu L, Bell MA, Jay M, et al. Spreadability measurements to assess structural equivalence (Q3) of topical formulations--a technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2008;9(1):84-6. DOI: 10.1208/s12249-007-9009-5; PMCID: PMC2976873; PMID: 18446465
28. Mawazi SM, Ann J, Othman N, Khan J, Alolayan SO, Al Thagfan SS, et al. A Review of Moisturizers; History, Preparation, Characterization and Applications. Cosmetics. 2022;9(3):61. DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9030061
29. Nisbet SJ, Targett D, Rawlings AV, Qian K, Wang X, Lin CB, et al. Clinical and in vitro evaluation of new anti-redness cosmetic products in subjects with winter xerosis and sensitive skin. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2019;41(6):534-47. DOI: 10.1111/ics.12559; PMCID: PMC6899962; PMID: 31309600
30. Bernatchez SF, Bichel J. The Science of Skin: Measuring Damage and Assessing Risk. Adv Wound Care. 2023;12(4):187-204. DOI: 10.1089/wound.2022.0021; PMCID: PMC9885549; PMID: 35904378
31. Januszewski J, Forma A, Zembala J, Flieger M, Tyczyńska M, Dring JC, et al. Nutritional Supplements for Skin Health-A Review of What Should Be Chosen and Why. Medicina. 2023;60(1):68. DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010068; PMCID: PMC10820017; PMID: 38256329
32. Ambarwati R, Wulandari A, Herlina E. Mutu Fisik dan Daya Terima Body Scrub dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Sari Buah Nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr). J Medika Farmaka. 2023;1(2):106-12. DOI: 10.33482/jmedfarm.v1i2.12
33. Nasri N, Kaban VE, Syahputra HD, Satria D. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Alpukat (Persea americana Mill) Terhadap Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Herb Med J. 2022;5(1):13-9. DOI: 10.58996/hmj.v5i1.37
34. Bylla S, Salman, Sari N, Sihotang SH, Indriana M. Polyherbal lotion preparation formulation of avocado oil (Persea americana) and celery extract (Apium graveolens L) as a skin moisturizer. J Pharm Sci. 2023;6(5):375-84. DOI: 10.36490/journal-jps.com.v6i5-si.249
35. Barnes TM, Mijaljica D, Townley JP, Spada F, Harrison IP. Vehicles for Drug Delivery and Cosmetic Moisturizers: Review and Comparison. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(12):2012. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122012; PMCID: PMC8703425; PMID: 34959294
Authors
1.
Fauziyah N, Kustiawan PM. Stability of Hand Body Gel Formulated with Avocado (Persea americana), Stingless Bee Honey, and Bee Pollen. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2025May30 [cited 2025Aug.4];8(2):194-201. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/6919
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